Figure 3.

Effects of synthetic modified mRNAs (smRNAs) on cellular innate immune response. (A): Increased levels of PKR, IFNα, and RIG-1 gene expression were detected on human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) after 7 transfections (n = 3–6). (B–E): PKR protein expression was detected after smRNA transfection. (F, G): Flow cytometry analysis showed similar cell viability in smRNA-transfected HDDCs and control HDDCs incubated with jetPEI (n = 3). ∗, p < .05 compared with control HDDCs. Scale bars = 100 µm (B–D) and 25 µm (E). Abbreviations: CTL + JP, control HDDCs incubated with transfection reagent only (jetPEI); DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanateins; INS, insulin; MAFA, V-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A; PKR, protein kinase R.