Figure 4.

Bmal1 knock-outs (KO) are not responsive to the sleep-promoting and neuroprotective actions of remote preconditioning. (A) Representative coronal sections showing the absence of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride staining in infarcted tissue (white area) 24 h after modeled ischemic stroke in preconditioned mice bearing whole-body Bmal1 knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates. These mice were not outfitted with EEG/EMG electrodes. (B) Means ± SEM infarcted tissue in preconditioned WTs (left) and Bmal1 KOs (right). (C) Percent time that Bmal1 KOs spent in wake, total sleep (NREM+REM), and NREM and REM sleep prior to and two days after remote preconditioning, or no remote preconditioning (sham) **P < 0.05, twoway ANOVA with Dunn-Sidak multiple comparison. n = 3 for shams, 4 for preconditioned.