Table 1. Characteristics of included longitudinal studies predicting the development of limitations in ADLs over time*.
| First author (year) Country | Main predictor examined | Years to prediction of limitations in ADLs (n intermediate follow-ups) | Baseline sample size (n), sample size(s) in analyses (%) | Mortality rate during follow-up (%) | Baseline mean age (SD) | Women (%) | ADLs included in measure | Exclusion of limitations at baseline | Quality assessment score (0–12) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avlund (2002a) Denmark, Finland, Sweden [21] | Household composition | 5 | 1,203 (61.8%) | 25.6% | n/a, 75-year olds | 59.4% | b,d,g,n,u | 10 | |
| Avlund (2002b) Denmark, Finland [22] | Tiredness | 5 | 835 (61.9%) | 31.1% | n/a, 75-year olds | nr | b,d,n,u | yes | 11 |
| Avlund (2004) Denmark, Finland [23] | Social relations | 5 | 651 (65.3%) | 21.5% | n/a, 75-year olds | 60.7% | b,d,n,u | yes | 10 |
| Black (2002) USA [24] | Cognition | 2 | 601 (60.7%) | 18.6% | nr, >75 | 62.7% | b,d,e,g,t,u,w | yes | 10 |
| Corona (2013) Brazil [25] | Weight | 3 | 227 (70.0%) | 8.4% | 80.9 (nr) | 100% | b,d,e,t,u,w | yes | 7 |
| Donald (1999) UK [26] | Falls | 2 (1) | 1,797 (70.8%, 55.3%) | 25.3% | nr, >75 | nr | b,d,e,u,w | 10 | |
| Freedman (2008) USA [27] | Early-, mid-, and late-life factors | 9 (3) | 23,229 (79.9%) | nr | nr, >75 | 61.9 | b,d,e,t,u,w | 6 | |
| Fukutomi (2013) Japan [28] | Comprehensive geriatric assessment | 2 | 527 (72.5%) | 0.2% | 81.1 (4.8) | 60.3% | b,d,g,e,s,u,w | 8 | |
| Gu (2004) China [29] | Socio-demographic characteristics | 4 (1) | 8,959 (53.0%); 11,161 (53.0%) | 30.5%, 37.4% | nr, >80 | nr | b,d,e,t,u | 8 | |
| Guilley (2008) Switzerland [30] | Frailty | 1.5 | 339 (77.9%) | 49.3% | 81.8 (nr) | nr | b,d,e,t,w | 8 | |
| Houston (2011) USA [31] | Vitamin levels | 3 (5) | 1,677 (58.9%) | 85.6% | 85.2 (3.6) | 64.5% | b,d,e,t,u | yes | 7 |
| Idland (2013) Norway [32] | Physical performance | 9 | 300 (37.7%) | 41.0% | 79.5 (nr) | 100% | b,d,e,t,u | yes | 11 |
| Jiang (2002) China [33] | Demographics | 8 (2) | 3,275 (83.0%, 61.5%, 48.5%) | 46.6% (urban); 88.2% (hilly) | n/a, >75 | 51.1% | b,d,f,g,w,t | 6 | |
| Landi (2007) Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, UK [34] | Physical activity | 1 | 2,467 (81.3%) | nr | n/a, >80 | 78% | b,d,e,t,u | yes | 9 |
| Landi (2009) Italy [35] | Pain | 2 | 248 (82.3%) | 12.1% | 84.3 (3.8) | 66.1% | b,d,e,t,u | yes | 7 |
| Landi (2010) Italy [36] | Anorexia of aging, physical function | 2 | 248 (82.7%) | 12.1% | 85.8 (4.8) | 67.0% | b,d,e,t,w,u | yes | 8 |
| Li (2009) China [37] | Living arrangement | 2 | 9,039 (53.1%) | 37.0% | 92.1 (7.74) | 60% | b,c,d,e,t,u | 7 | |
| Moody-Ayers (2005) USA [38] | Cognition, black-white differences | 2 | 5,972 (95.0%) | 9.3% | n/a, >80 | 63.6% | b,d,e,t,u | 8 | |
| Okumiya (1999) Japan [39] | Gait/balance, manual dexterity | 3 | 328 (90.5%) | nr | 79.0 (nr) | 63.6% | b,d,e,g,m,s,u,w | yes | 8 |
| Rantanen (2002) Denmark, Finland, Sweden [40] | Strength | 5 | 821 (69.1%) | 22.2% | n/a, 75-year olds | 56.4% | b,d,t,u,w | yes | 9 |
| Sabayan (2012) the Netherlands [41] | Blood pressure | 5 (4) | 572 (nr) | nr | n/a, 85-year olds | 66.8% | b,d,e,n,s,t,w,u | 10 | |
| Shah (2012) USA [42] | Physical activity | 5 | 718 (81.3%) | 1.8% | n/a, >80 | 73.2% | b,d,e,t,u,w | yes | 7 |
| Stessman (2009) Israel [43] | Physical activity | 7 | 1,861 (64.1%) | 24.8% | n/a, >78 | 51.7% | b,c,d,e,t,u | 9 | |
| Stessman (2014) Israel [44] | Loneliness | 7 | 1,566 (93.9%) | 21.8% | n/a, >78 | 46.6% | b,c,d,e,t,u | 8 | |
| Sun (2009) China [45] | Rural and urban differences | 4 | 8,635 (28.8%) | 53.9% | 88.7 (nr) | 57.4% | b,c,d,e,t,u | 8 |
* Sample size in analyses: multiple % when multiple analyses performed.
nr = not reported; n/a = not applicable. b = bathing/showering/washing/personal hygiene; c = continence/controlling bladder/bavel movement; d = dressing; e = eating/feeding; g = grooming; m = taking medicine; n = cutting/taking care of nails; s = climbing stairs; t = transferring (from bed to chair/in and out of bed/getting op from a chair); u = using the toilet; w = walking (across a room/around home)/locomotion.