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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017 Jan 1;42(1):42–48. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001647

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants in LESS and LESSER.

Participant Characteristics LESS (n=400) LESSER (n=33)
Age - mean yrs (sd) 68.0 (10.0) 71.9 (9.8)
 median (min - max) 68 (50 – 96) 73 (56 – 85)
Female - no. (%) 221 (55.3%) 15 (46.9%)
Race - no. (%)
 Caucasian 275 (69.5%) 26 (78.8%)
 Black / African American 105 (26.0%) 2 (6.1%)
 Other 20 (4.5%) 5 (15.2%)
Hispanic ethnicity - no. (%) 17 (3.0%) 3 (9.4%)
Education - no. (%)
 High school, GED, or less 127 (33.5%) 1 (3.1%)
 Some college, voc. tech 128 (28.0%) 6 (18.8%)
 College graduate or beyond 65 (16.0%) 13 (40.6%)
 Professional or graduate degree 80 (22.5%) 12 (37.5%)
Married or living with other - no. (%) 237 (55.5%) 18 (56.3%)
Employment - no. (%)
 Full/Part Time 128 (35.5%) 6 (18.2%)
 Retired, not disabled 181 (44.0%) 19 (57.6%)
 Retired, disabled 54 (11.5%) 7 (21.2%)
 Other 37 (9.0%) 1 (3.1%)
Pain duration - no. (%)
 < 3 months 64 (20.1%) 0 (0%)
 3 – 12 months 121 (31.2%) 2 (6.2%)
 1 – 5 years 109 (21.1%) 9 (28.1%)
 > 5 years 105 (27.6%) 20 (62.5%)
Roland Morris (0-24), mean (SD) 15.8 (4.4) 13.2 (5.1)
Leg Pain NRS (0-10), mean (SD) 7.2 (1.8) 4.8 (2.3)
Back Pain NRS (0-10), mean (SD) 6.7 (2.5) 4.5 (2.3)