Table 2.
Characteristics of Sample and Propensity-Matched Controls
| Patient characteristics | Propensity-matched control patients treated at non-CCI practices 2008–2010a | Patients treated at CCI practices 2008–2010 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHF 1420 |
Diabetes 3742 |
COPD 3121 |
Asthma 7226 |
Total 11105 |
CHF 1420 |
Diabetes 3742 |
COPD 3121 |
Asthma 7226 |
Total 11105 |
|
| Gender, n , (%) male | 52,9 37.3 % |
132,4 35.4 % |
118,1 37.8 % |
269,0 37.2 % |
433,0 39.0 % |
54,1 38.1 % |
122,0 32.6 % |
108,8 34.9 % |
270,0 37.4 % |
424,7 38.2 % |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||||||
| White | 48,9 34.4 % |
133,2 35.6 % |
144,9 46.4 % |
240,9 33.3 % |
398,3 35.9 % |
51,4 36.2 % |
149,2 39.9 % |
156,3 50.1 % |
233,9 32.4 % |
408,5 36.8 % |
| African-American | 76,2 53.7 % |
184,5 49.3 % |
132,1 42.3 % |
380,6 52.7 % |
564,5 50.8 % |
81,8 57.6 % |
190,1 50.8 % |
132,1 42.3 % |
37,00 51.2 % |
552,6 49.8 % |
| Hispanic | 131 9.2 % |
46,6 12.5 % |
275 8.8 % |
87,6 12.1 % |
122,2 11.0 % |
58 4.1 % |
240 6.4 % |
168 5.4 % |
95,4 13.2 % |
114,5 10.3 % |
| Other | 38 2.7 % |
99 2.7 % |
76 2.4 % |
135 1.9 % |
255 2.3 % |
30 2.1 % |
109 2.9 % |
69 2.2 % |
233 3.2 % |
349 3.1 % |
| Age, M (SD) | 52.1 (14.60) |
47.2 (14.52) |
45.9 (16.42) |
26.9 (17.92) |
34.0 (19.78) |
52.4 (14.12) |
47.3 (14.45) |
47.0 (16.42) |
26.7 (18.46) |
34.2 (20.15) |
| Comorbidity Indexb | 2.9 (2.02) |
2.3 (1.70) |
2.2 (1.75) |
1.2 (1.40) |
1.5 (1.52) |
2.8 (1.92) |
2.3 (1.67) |
2.2 (1.76) |
1.2 (1.39) |
1.5 (1.51) |
| Substance use disorder (any), n (%)c | 34,1 24.0 % |
83,4 22.3 % |
93,8 30.1 % |
124,2 17.2 % |
222,3 20.0 % |
34,7 24.4 % |
85,4 22.8 % |
91,1 29.2 % |
115,1 15.9 % |
212,6 19.1 % |
| Opioids | 139 9.8 % |
37,9 10.1 % |
38,5 12.3 % |
539 7.5 % |
979 8.8 % |
16,3 11.5 % |
39,5 10.6 % |
39,7 12.7 % |
545 7.5 % |
990 8.9 % |
| Cocaine | 68 4.8 % |
190 5.1 % |
175 5.6 % |
262 3.6 % |
457 4.1 % |
79 5.6 % |
214 5.7 % |
186 6.0 % |
237 3.3 % |
465 4.2 % |
| Alcohol | 86 6.1 % |
191 5.1 % |
231 7.4 % |
221 3.1 % |
455 4.1 % |
68 4.8 % |
187 5.0 % |
196 6.3 % |
182 2.5 % |
403 3.6 % |
| Tobacco | 65 4.6 % |
160 4.3 % |
239 7.7 % |
296 4.1 % |
484 4.4 % |
86 6.1 % |
180 4.8 % |
281 9.0 % |
281 3.9 % |
521 4.7 % |
| Psychiatric disorder (any), n (%)c | 82,1 57.8 % |
23,70 63.3 % |
188,6 60.4 % |
419,5 58.1 % |
651,2 58.6 % |
73,7 51.9 % |
224,5 60.0 % |
184,9 59.2 % |
431,3 59.7 % |
655,9 59.1 % |
| Major depressive disorder | 130 9.2 % |
39,7 10.6 % |
31,3 10.0 % |
644 8.9 % |
10,14 9.1 % |
121 8.5 % |
39,7 10.6 % |
33,0 10.6 % |
649 9.0 % |
10,23 9.2 % |
| Schizophrenia/schizoaffective | 15,6 11.0 % |
55,1 14.7 % |
36,5 11.7 % |
441 6.1 % |
970 8.7 % |
16,7 11.8 % |
57,2 15.3 % |
36,6 11.7 % |
442 6.1 % |
982 8.8 % |
| Bipolar disorder | 94 6.6 % |
315 8.4 % |
253 8.1 % |
468 6.5 % |
765 6.9 % |
81 5.7 % |
288 7.7 % |
259 8.3 % |
452 6.3 % |
723 6.5 % |
| PTSD | 24 1.7 % |
107 2.9 % |
76 2.4 % |
237 3.3 % |
308 2.8 % |
28 2.0 % |
106 2.8 % |
73 2.3 % |
220 3.0 % |
303 2.7 % |
| Anxiety disorder (any) | 200 14.1 % |
52,1 13.9 % |
479 15.4 % | 83,8 11.6 % |
134,2 12.1 % |
18,6 13.1 % |
52,3 14.0 % |
50,3 16.1 % |
83,2 11.5 % |
134,6 12.1 % |
| Substance use or psychiatric disorder, n (%)c | 94,1 66.3 % |
263,0 70.3 % |
219,0 70.2 % |
456,2 63.1 % |
722,9 65.1 % |
86,1 60.6 % |
250,7 67.0 % |
212,5 68.1 % |
463,6 64.2 % |
720,5 64.9 % |
aNote: patients were assigned to non-CCI primary care clinicians who provided the plurality of primary care claims (procedural terminology codes 9920x, 9921x, 9924x, 99381–99387, 99391–99397, 99401–99404, 99411–99412, 99420–99429, 99339–99340, 99341–99345, 99347–99350, 0402, G0438, and G0439)
bComorbidity Index was calculated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality software tool: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/comorbidity/comorbidity.jsp
cThese values represent claims for the respective disorders in the one year prior to the index date. The creation of the sample, however, was based on patients who had a behavioral health (and medical) claim at any point during 2005 to 2010 and not only prior to the index date. Thus, the percent with a substance use or psychiatric disorder claim in this table is not 100 %. Also, patients could have more than one of the four medical disorders (thus, the sum of the four columns of medical disorders is greater than the total N)
ICD9 codes used to identify each disease category are as follows:
Diabetes: 250, 3572, 3620, 36641, 6480
CHF: 40201, 40211, 40291, 40401, 40403, 40411, 40413, 40491, 40493, 4280, 4281, 4282, 4284, 4289
Asthma: 493
COPD: 494, 496, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 510, 515, 4920, 4928, 49320, 49321, 49322, 4940, 5060, 5081, 5100, 5109, 5160, 5161, 5162, 5163, 5168, 5169, 5171, 5172, 5181, 5182, 5183, 51882, 51883, 51884
Mental health and substance use disorder: 290, 293–302, 306–315
Substance use disorder: 291, 292, 303, 304, 305