Figure 1.

HP-β-CD induces maturation of human monocyte-derived DCs. Human CD14⁺ monocytes (2 × 10⁶ cells/ml) were differentiated into immature DCs in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 6 days. The monocyte-derived DCs (2.5 × 10⁵ cells/ml) were stimulated with HP-β-CD (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/ml) in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 24 h. (A–F) Expression of (A,D) CD80, CD83, and CD86, (B,E) MHC class II, and (C,F) PD-L1 and PD-L2 was analyzed by flow cytometry. The number on each histogram indicates MFI of the DCs. (D–F) The scatter plots below the histograms indicate the average MFI of DCs ± SEM for each molecule (n = 5). The levels of (G) TNF-α, (H) IL-6, and (I) IL-10 in the DC culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The scatter plots on the right side of each bar graph indicate the mean concentrations ± SEM of the cytokines (n = 5). HKEC (1 × 10⁷ CFU/ml) was used as a positive control. Statistical differences between compared groups were analyzed by paired Student’s t-test. N.D., not detected; *P < 0.05.