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. 2016 Aug 12;52(5):461–478. doi: 10.1007/s11627-016-9776-3

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Flowchart for the production of cassava plants from naked or encapsulated somatic embryos (synthetic seeds). The initial source of explants must be certified, disease-free, in vitro plants (upper left corner), from which axillary buds are dissected to induce primary somatic embryos (primary SE) or friable embryogenic callus (FEC). SEs can then be used with an artificial coat (encapsulated SE; scale in cm) or without it (naked SE) for producing plants in vitro. Encapsulated SEs are equivalent to synthetic seeds which, as described in the text, may be used for short-term storage of cassava germplasm. It is unknown if synthetic seeds tolerate below-freezing temperatures, which would be ideal for the long-term storage of germplasm.