. 2016 Aug 12;52(5):461–478. doi: 10.1007/s11627-016-9776-3

Table 2.

Technologies for cassava propagation

Primary source of plants for propagation	Propagation system recommended^z
Primary source of plants for propagation	Conventional	In vitro
Plants in the field	Stakes from mature stems, 2-node cuttings, and 1-bud-1-leaf cuttings	Rosettes
Botanical seeds^y	Stakes	In vitro germination and/or embryo rescue for breeding
Meristems subject to thermo- or cryo-therapy to eliminate virus	n.a.	Grow on solid media low cost^x Bioreactors (i.e., RITA®)^w
Somatic embryos	n.a.	Naked or encapsulated embryos (synthetic seed)
First generation of in vitro plants in field	Young plants (4 to 6 mo old)^v; 2-node cuttings^v; tunnels^v	n.a.

^zAny system of propagation must start from disease-free certified plants

^yThis is not a conventional multiplication system, although it may be used in the absence of basic planting material to initiate plantations. Plants with the best characteristics can be selected and propagated to increase numbers (Rajendran et al. 2000)

^xPropagation of cassava can also be done using low cost, locally available, farmer-reachable inputs (Escobar et al. 2006; 2013a)

^wEscobar et al. (2001a)

^vSeed systems need planting material derived from tissue culture to scale-up cassava propagation by either one of these three methods (Escobar et al. 2012)