Table 2.
An overview of new techniques of on-line biological sample processing matched with LC–MS applied in the field of biopharmaceutical analysis.
| Combination technique | Application | Characteristic | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| SPE–LC–MS | APV and AZV determination in human plasma | Combined high-flow online extraction method based on the monolithic material with a narrow-bore analytical column; low carry-over, high recovery, and was matrix-independent compared with LLE | 9 |
| Quantification of puerarin in canine and human plasma | Process controlled by software to realize automation; good characteristics of specificity, linearity, sensitivity and precision | 10 | |
| SPME–LC–MS | Cannabinoid concentration determination in biological samples | A holistic method combined with the advantages of SPE and membrane separation technique; more simple, convenient and environmentally friendly compared with the traditional LLE and SPE extraction | 27 |
| Column switching LC–MS | Testosterone quantitative determination in human serum | Providing a simple, fast, economical way for testosterone analysis | 34 |
| Cyclosporine A quantitative analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Satisfactory trueness, repeatability and intermediate precision; a new potential therapeutic drug monitoring method for cyclosporine A | 35 | |
| RAM–HPLC | Benazepril hydrochloride analysis in plasma | The enrichment ability of RAM–HPLC system was satisfactory | 40 |
| TFC-LC–MS | Simultaneously TCM ingredient determination in rat plasma | Fast, sensitive, and feasible method for PK study of TCM; it can automatical analysis; no need of complicated and time-consuming sample preparation compared with conventional LLE and SPE | 51 |
| MIP–LC–MS | Verapamil and its metabolite levels determination in human urine and plasma | Good selectivity and extraction efficiency; applied to selective screening of verapamil metabolites for the first time | 62 |
| NNAL analysis in human urine | Matrix effects evaluated and resolved; the method validated according to the FDA bioanalytical method validation guidance | 63 | |
| MD–LC–MS | PK study in awake animal after multiple dosing of Danshen | Stable, reliable, and simple method | 75 |
| Determination of l-THP in the rat striatum | Sensitive method with good linearity; all the validation within the required limits, such as accuracy, precision, and inter-day repeatability | 76 |
APV, amprenavir; AZV, atazanavir; LLE, liquid–liquid extraction; MD, micro-dialysis; MIP, molecularly imprinted polymers; NNAL, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; PK, pharmacokinetic; RAM, restricted access material; SPE, solid phase extraction; SPME, solid phase micro-extraction; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TFC, turbulent-flow chromatography.