Table 1. Study Characteristics.

Study	Country	Sample Size	% Males	Mean Age (Years)	Length of Follow-up	Intervention	Comparison	Primary Outcomes Assessed	Secondary Outcomes Assessed
Lee et al.27	Taiwan	62	58	59	30 m	Knowles Pin	Plate	Constant-Murley score	Operative time, wound size, incision length, hospital stay, analgesia use, complications, visual analog pain score
Lee et al.31	Taiwan	88	64.7	39.4	1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m, 6 m, 12 m	Knowles Pin	Plate	Constant-Murley score	Shoulder score, incision length, operative time, analgesia use, complication rate, visual analog pain score
Assobhi et al.25	Egypt	38	86.8	31.45	6 w, 3 m, 6 m 12 m	Retrograde Titanium Elastic Nail	Plate	Constant-Murley score	Mean surgery time, blood loss, wound size, hospital stay, complication rates
Ferran et al.26	UK	32	84.3	29.3	2 w, 6 w, 3 m, 6 m, 12 m	Rockwood Pin	Plate	Constant-Murley score	Oxford shoulder score, union rate, complication rates
Tabatabaei et al.24	Iran	50	84	28.0	NR	Intramedullary Nailing	Plate	DASH score	Union time, Oxford shoulder score, complications
Narsaria et al.34	India	65	75.7	39.5	1 m, 2 m, 4 m, 6 m, 12 m, 18 m, 24 m	Titanium Elastic Nail	Plate	Constant-Murley score	Length of incision, operation time, blood loss, duration of hospital stay
Saha et al.32	India	71	84.5	33.1	2 w, 6 w, 3 m, 6 m, 12 m, 18 m, 24 m	Titanium Elastic Nail	Plate	Constant-Murley score	Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, wound size, cosmetic results, complications
Meijden et al.28	Netherlands	120	94.1	39	2 w, 6 w, 3 m, 6 m, 12 m	Titanium Elastic Nail	Plate	DASH score	Constant-Murley score, short form-36 questionnaires, likert scale for satisfaction with cosmetic result
Silva et al.29	Brazil	54	87	29.7	6 m, 12 m	Titanium Elastic Nail	Plate	DASH score	Constant-Murley score, time to fracture union, residual shortening, level of postoperative pain, percentage of satisfied patients, complication rates
Zehir et al.30	Turkey	45	57.7	32.7	1 m, then every 3 m thereafter	Intramedullary Pin	Plate	DASH score	Mean time of operation and flouroscopy, time of hospital stay, complications, radiographic bony union time