Table 3. Childhood adversities experienced by 10–15 year old children from ultra-poor families in Burkina Faso (N = 360).
| Child labor and abuse at work | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any physical abuse | 203 | (56.39) | |
| Any emotional abuse | 250 | (69.44) | |
| Any physical or emotional abuse | 270 | (75.00) | |
| Only emotional abuse (without physical) | 67 | (18.61) | |
| Current abuse in the family | |||
| Physical abuse by family member (in the past year) | 158 | (43.89) | |
| Emotional abuse by family member (in the past year) | 208 | (57.50) | |
| Harsh discipline practices, reported by mother | |||
| Shook child | 193 | (53.61) | |
| Shouted, yelled at or screamed at child | 313 | (87.19) | |
| Hit or slapped child with bare hand | 243 | (67.69) | |
| Hit child with hard object | 100 | (27.78) | |
| Called child names | 240 | (66.67) | |
| Hit or slapped child on the face, head or ears | 193 | (53.61) | |
| Hit or slapped child on the hand, arm, or leg | 140 | (38.89) | |
| Beat child up | 37 | (10.28) | |
| Shamed child by having him/her stand on their knees | 63 | (17.50) | |
| Deprived child from food | 122 | (33.89) | |
| Children exposed to domestic violence (mother reported physical abuse by spouse in the last year), reported by mother | 39 | (11.20) | |
| Child labor and abuse at work | |||
| Worked for family | 124 | (34.44) | |
| Worked for other household | 64 | (17.78) | |
| Type of economic activities | |||
| Worked for family business without pay | 35 | (9.72) | |
| Construction work or repaired household equipment | 52 | (14.44) | |
| Fishing or hunting, for sale or household use | 93 | (25.83) | |
| Helps with small business | 24 | (6.67) | |
| Work with animals for the household | 51 | (14.17) | |
| Domestic work for someone outside the household | 17 | (4.72) | |
| Any work (excluding domestic work) for pay or in-kind | 34 | (9.44) | |
| Non-economic activities | |||
| Work related to field work or food gardening | 309 | (85.83) | |
| Fetch water or collect wood for household use | 300 | (83.33) | |
| Working conditions (n = 349) | |||
| Paid for work | 60 | (17.19) | |
| Number of hours worked per week, mean | 20.71 | (SD = 18.98) | |
| Hours worked in the last week | |||
| none | 129 | (35.83) | |
| < 14 hours | 85 | (23.61) | |
| 14–19 | 47 | (13.06) | |
| 20 and more hours | 99 | (27.50) | |
| Child spends > 28 hours a week on household chores | 66 | (18.33) | |
| Separated from family (sent away) for work | 16 | (4.44) | |
| Gold mines | 7 | (1.94) | |
| Maid / domestic aid | 5 | (1.39) | |
| Selling goods or other work | 4 | (1.11) | |
| Exposed to any hazardous labor | 170 | (47.22) | |
| Carrying heavy loads | 89 | (25.07) | |
| Operating dangerous tools or equipment (e.g., tractor, knives or machetes) | 88 | (24.65) | |
| Dust, fumes (including dust from mines) | 80 | (22.35) | |
| Fire, gas, flames | 3 | (0.84) | |
| Loud noise or vibration | 12 | (3.35) | |
| Extreme weather (e.g., extreme heat or humidity) | 27 | (7.54) | |
| Work underground | 18 | (5.03) | |
| Work in too dark or confined space | 13 | (3.63) | |
| Insufficient ventilation | 14 | (3.91) | |
| Chemicals (e.g., pesticides, fertilizers, glues, mercury, cyanide) or explosives | 14 | (3.91) | |
| Other | 2 | (0.56) | |
| Child forced to beg | 44 | (12.22) | |
| Child forced to steal | 1 | (0.28) | |
| Exchanged sex for money | 1 | (0.28) | |
| Physical abuse at work | 88 | (24.44) | |
| Emotional abuse at work | 168 | (46.67) | |
| Sexual abuse at work | 2 | (0.56) | |
| Violence in the community | |||
| Physical violence outside of home (in the past year) | 72 | (20.00) | |
| Emotional violence outside of home (in the past year) | 82 | (22.78) | |
| Socio-economic hardship and deprivation | |||
| Household Assets index, mean | 6.58 | (SD = 2.5) | |
| no or minimal assets (extreme poverty, <25th percentile) | 87 | ||
| average | 150 | ||
| above average | 123 | ||
| Food insecurity index, mean | 6.1 | (SD = 2.5) | |
| minimal / occasional hunger | 99 | (27.50) | |
| moderate hunger | 99 | (27.50) | |
| severe hunger (>75th percentile) | 162 | (45.00) |
Note. Data refer to frequency (percent), unless specified as mean (standard deviation).