Table 2.
Unadjusted mean difference in tocopherol intake from diet and supplements, and adipose tissue tocopherol levels by race and level of prostate cancer aggressiveness
| African American n = 1,023 | European American n = 1,079 | % diff.§ | African American | European American | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High aggressive n = 206 | Low/intermediate Aggressive n = 817 | P † | High aggressive n = 164 | Low/intermediate Aggressive n = 915 | P † | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Dietary intake | |||||||||
| α–tocopherol (mg/day) | 10.6 (5.9) | 10.5 (5.3) | 1 | 10.9 (6.5) | 10.5 (5.8) | 0.43 | 10.1 (5.3) | 10.6 (5.3) | 0.29 |
| β–tocopherol (mg/day) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0 | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.13 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.35 |
| γ–tocopherol (mg/day) | 21.0 (11.3) | 18.6 (8.6) | 11 ‡ | 22.2 (11.7) | 20.7 (11.2) | 0.09 | 18.6 (9.1) | 18.6 (8.5) | 0.95 |
| δ–tocopherol (mg/day) | 3.0 (1.7) | 2.7 (1.5) | 10 ‡ | 3.2 (1.8) | 2.9 (1.7) | 0.05 | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.5) | 0.58 |
| Supplemental vitamin E among supplement users a (α-tocopherol, mg/day) | 53.5 (82.4) | 76.6 (104.2) | − 43 ‡ | 37.8 (54.2) | 56.6 (86.6) | 0.02 | 64.7 (94.2) | 78.2 (101.4) | 0.22 |
| Supplemental vitamin E among multivitamin supplement users only b (α-tocopherol, mg/day) | 18.5 (20.4) | 22.3 (23.3) | − 20 ‡ | 16.3 (9.9) | 18.9 (21.8) | 0.15 | 23.7 (26.0) | 22.0 (22.8) | 0.54 |
| Supplemental vitamin E among single nutrient vitamin E supplement users only c (α-tocopherol, mg/day) | 157.5 (100.5) | 176.1 (101.6) | −12 | 110.4 (71.0) | 166.0 (103.0) | 0.06 | 177.0 (96.0) | 176.0 (102.7) | 0.96 |
| Total α–tocopherol (diet + supplement, mg/day) | 31.2 (57.8) | 54.1 (85.2) | − 73 ‡ | 22.8 (36.1) | 33.3 (61.9) | 0.002 | 49.2 (79.6) | 55.0 (86.2) | 0.42 |
| Adipose tissue biomarkers d | |||||||||
| α–tocopherol (mcg/g) | 86.6 (144.9) | 151.4 (198.0) | − 75 ‡ | 78.9 (138.0) | 88.3 (146.6) | 0.63 | 163.6 (221.3) | 149.2 (193.7) | 0.53 |
| γ–tocopherol (mcg/g) | 48.4 (74.1) | 53.3 (54.5) | − 10 | 38.2 (38.2) | 50.8 (79.9) | 0.06 | 55.4 (56.5) | 52.9 (54.1) | 0.69 |
| δ–tocopherol (mcg/g) | 9.3 (10.2) | 8.6 (7.8) | 7 | 8.6 (9.9) | 9.4 (10.3) | 0.55 | 8.2 (6.6) | 8.7 (8.0) | 0.55 |
Both multivitamin and single nutrient vitamin E supplement (African Americans, n = 394; European Americans, n = 618). Converted as 1 IU of Vitamin E = 0.45 mg α–tocopherol [25].
Vitamin E intake from multivitamin supplements only (African Americans, n = 355; European Americans, n = 560). Converted as 1 IU of Vitamin E = 0.45 mg α–tocopherol [25].
Vitamin E intake from single nutrient vitamin E supplements only (African Americans, n = 92; European Americans, n = 198). Converted as 1 IU of Vitamin E = 0.45 mg α–tocopherol [25].
Among research subjects with data on adipose tocopherol levels (African Americans, n = 361; European Americans, n = 584).
Percent difference between African Americans and European Americans
Significant p-values (< 0.05) for test of difference between African Americans and European Americans
Chi-square test for difference by level of prostate cancer aggressiveness