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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 20.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2016 Mar 3;17:395–417. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022536

Table 1.

Models for obtaining permission for research use of biospecimens

Model Description
No consent Individuals are not approached for permission for research use of
  biospecimens.
General notification Individuals are actively or passively alerted to the research use of
  biospecimens and offered an opportunity to opt out (where the default is
  that biospecimens will be used unless the individual refuses) or opt in
  (where the default is that biospecimens will not be used unless the individual
  agrees).
Blanket consent Individuals are asked to consent to all future research with no limitations or
  conditions.
Broad consent Individuals are asked to consent to the collection and storage of biospecimens
  for future unspecified research, which will occur under conditions defined at
  the time of consent (e.g., oversight or right to withdraw).
Categorical consent Individuals are asked to consent to the collection and storage of
  biospecimens for future research use and are offered a checklist of options
  to stipulate by whom and in what ways they can be used.
Dynamic consent Individuals are provided with an interactive, digital system that allows them
  to tailor, modify, and update consent choices as their circumstances change
  and in response to specific studies.
Study-specific consent Individuals are contacted and asked for consent for each research use.