Table 3.
Frequency distributions of non-cardiorespiratory impairments, according to dyspnea severity and for the entire study sample
| Impairments | Dyspnea | ALL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| None or Mild a | Moderate-to-Severe b | ||
| n/N (%) c | |||
| Musculoskeletal | |||
| Low SMI d | |||
| No | 3140/3584 (87.6) | 662/763 (86.8) | 3802/4347 (87.5) |
| Yes | 444/3584 (12.4) | 101/763 (13.2) | 545/4347 (12.5) |
| Grip weakness e | |||
| No | 2676/3405 (78.6) | 459/699 (65.7) | 3135/4104 (76.4) |
| Yes | 729/3405 (21.4) | 240/699 (34.3) | 969/4104 (23.6) |
| Single chair stand f | |||
| Able | 3361/3597 (93.4) | 617/763 (80.9) | 3978/4360 (91.2) |
| Unable | 236/3597 (6.6) | 146/763 (19.1) | 382/4360 (8.8) |
| Neuropsychologic | |||
| Depressive symptoms g | |||
| No | 3576/3636 (98.4) | 725/772 (93.9) | 4301/4408 (97.6) |
| Yes | 60/3636 (1.7) | 47/772 (6.1) | 107/4408 (2.4) |
| Anxiety symptoms h | |||
| No | 3153/3637 (86.7) | 592/771 (76.8) | 3745/4408 (85.0) |
| Yes | 484/3637 (13.3) | 179/771 (23.2) | 663/4408 (15.0) |
| Cognitive impairment | |||
| MMSE ≥ 24 | 3474/3637 (95.5) | 711/772 (92.1) | 4185/4409 (94.9) |
| MMSE < 24 | 163/3637 (4.5) | 61/772 (7.9) | 224/4409 (5.1) |
| Medications | |||
| Cardiovascular i | |||
| No | 2216/3640 (60.9) | 328/773 (42.4) | 2544/4413 (57.7) |
| Yes | 1424/3640 (39.1) | 445/773 (57.6) | 1869/4413 (42.4) |
| Psychoactive j | |||
| No | 3226/3638 (88.7) | 609/773 (78.8) | 3835/4411 (86.9) |
| Yes | 412/3638 (11.3) | 164/773 (21.2) | 576/4411 (13.1) |
| Hematologic | |||
| Anemia k | |||
| No | 3277/3615 (90.7) | 671/764 (87.8) | 3948/4379 (90.2) |
| Yes | 338/3615 (9.4) | 93/764 (12.2) | 431/4379 (9.8) |
| Renal | |||
| Kidney disease l | |||
| No | 3437/3623 (94.9) | 699/765 (91.4) | 4136/4388 (94.3) |
| Yes | 186/3623 (5.1) | 66/765 (8.6) | 252/4388 (5.7) |
| Nutritional | |||
| BMI m | |||
| <30 | 3072/3636 (84.5) | 547/771 (71.0) | 3619/4407 (82.1) |
| ≥30 | 564/3636 (15.5) | 224/771 (29.1) | 788/4407 (17.9) |
| Weight loss >10 lbs n | |||
| No | 3284/3436 (95.6) | 633/698 (90.7) | 3917/4134 (94.8) |
| Yes | 152/3436 (4.4) | 65/698 (9.3) | 217/4134 (5.3) |
Abbreviations: ATS (American Thoracic Society), BMI (body mass index, kg/m2), CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination), SMI (skeletal muscle index).
Grade 0 or 1 on the ATS Adult Questionnaire.
Grade ≥2 on the ATS Adult Questionnaire.
N varies due to missing data.
Low SMI was established by SMI ≤ 8.50 kg/m2 in men and ≤5.75 kg/m2 in women.
Weakness was defined by the lowest quintile of the average of 3 dynamometer readings (sex and BMI adjusted).
Participants were asked to stand up from a seated position in a chair without using their arms. Based on their performance, participants were classified as able to stand up without using arms or as unable to stand up without using arms (i.e., used their arms or unable to stand).
CES-D score of ≥16.
CES-D item of “did you feel fearful”: Yes vs. No.
Any statin or antihypertensive.
Any antipsychotic, benzodiazepine, or antidepressant.
Hemoglobin established anemia if below the following ranges: < 13.2 g/dL for white men aged ≥65, < 12.2 g/dL for white women aged ≥65, < 12.7 g/dL for black men aged ≥65, and < 11.5 g/dL for black women aged ≥65.
Creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl defined normal kidney function, whereas ≥1.5 defined kidney disease.
None had a BMI <18.5 kg/m2.
Unintentional weight loss in the prior year.