. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Sep 9;64(10):1981–1987. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14308

Table 2.

Baseline (EHLS-2) Sensory Impairment and the 10-year Cumulative Incidence of Cognitive Impairment Hazard Ratios, 95% Confidence Intervals

Baseline Sensory Impairment¹	Unadjusted Cumulative Incidence (%)	Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Baseline Sensory Impairment¹	Unadjusted Cumulative Incidence (%)	Age-sex-education Adjusted	Multivariable Adjusted²
Hearing		2.11 (1.30, 3.40)	2.09 (1.29, 3.39)
Yes	17.3
No	4.7
Vision		1.92 (1.25, 2.96)	1.96 (1.25, 3.07)
Yes	23.5
No	6.7
Olfaction		4.18 (2.68, 6.51)	4.04 (2.54, 6.43)
Yes	30.0
No	6.3

Hearing impairment: Pure-tone average _{0.5, 1, 2,4 kHz, either ear} > 25decibel Hearing Level; Vision impairment: Contrast sensitivity _{better eye} < 1.55 log units; Olfaction impairment: San Diego Odor Identification Test score < 6 odors

Hearing and vision impairment models adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, BMI, exercise, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, number of high inflammatory markers, non-HDL cholesterol, mean IMT, and frailty score. Olfaction impairment model adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, BMI, exercise, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, number of high inflammatory markers, non-HDL cholesterol, mean IMT, frailty score, longest held job, cold or stuffy nose, nasal polyps, deviated septum, allergies, head injury, stroke/TIA, and epilepsy.