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. 2016 Aug 2;34(11):1075–1086. doi: 10.1007/s40273-016-0432-x

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — A relationship between an exposure (body mass index [BMI]) and an outcome (healthcare costs) that is subject to confounding (e.g. by mental health status)