Table 6.
Mean Health Literacy Scores of D/HH Adolescents with Various Deaf-Related Demographics Adjusted for Age, Grade, Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Childhood Socioeconomic Status
| Deaf-Related Demographic |
Level | N | HLSI | S-TOFHLA | CHDKQ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Adj. M (SE) |
F (df) p ≤ |
Adj. M (SE) |
F (df) p ≤ |
Adj. M (SE) |
F (df) p ≤ |
|||
| Cultural identity | Deaf | 88 | 4.96 (.26) |
24.74 (.92) |
5.4 (1,113) .025 |
36.26 (2.52) |
||
| Hard-of-hearing Hearing impaired Hearing |
56 | 5.28 (.31) |
27.73 (1.08) |
37.68 (2.91) |
||||
| Hearing without assistive devices |
Mild loss | 20 | 5.05 (.52) |
27.91 (1.83) |
34.71 (4.60) |
|||
| Moderate to profound loss |
121 | 5.22 (.24) |
25.66 (.85) |
36.46 (2.27) |
||||
| Hearing with assistive devices |
Mild loss | 60 | 5.38 (.30) |
28.50 (.94) |
8.2 (1,93) .006 |
37.29 (2.51) |
||
| Moderate to profound loss |
54 | 4.84 (.32) |
25.05 (.99) |
33.16 (2.78) |
||||
| Have hearing aid | Yes | 93 | 5.17 (.26) |
26.89 (.90) |
5.4 (1,114) .022 |
34.76 (2.37) |
||
| No | 52 | 4.90 (.33) |
23.79 (1.13) |
38.78 (3.12) |
||||
| How often use hearing aid |
Infrequently | 37 | 4.88 (.37) |
25.30 (1.170 |
3.67 (1,72) .059 |
30.49 (3.28) |
2.95 (1,53) .092 |
|
| Frequently | 56 | 5.13 (.36) |
28.24 (1.13) |
37.33 (2.84) |
||||
| Have cochlear implant |
Yes | 53 | 5.49 (.34) |
26.59 (1.24) |
37.78 (3.48) |
|||
| No | 88 | 4.88 (.25) |
25.36 (.89) |
35.57 (2.29) |
||||
| How often use cochlear implant |
Infrequently | 14 | 4.34 (.63) |
3.39 (1,33) .071 |
25.05 (1.79) |
28.25 (8.81) |
||
| Frequently | 39 | 5.89 (.52) |
24.32 (1.48) |
36.29 (6.71) |
||||
| Age of onset of deafness |
Before 3 | 111 | 5.00 (.25) |
26.00 (0.88) |
34.40 (2.34) |
|||
| After 3 | 32 | 5.25 (.38) |
25.13 (1.36) |
40.46 (3.56) |
||||
| Best language | American Sign Language |
38 | 4.95 (.38) |
23.47 (1.33) |
2.39 (2,111) .096 |
37.91 (3.50) |
4.43 (2,81) .015 |
|
| English | 49 | 5.19 (.34) |
27.22 (1.20) |
41.53 (3.11) |
||||
| Both | 55 | 5.06 (.32) |
26.32 (1.15) |
30.75 (2.80) |
||||
| Socialize | Deaf | 30 | 5.24 (.45) |
25.85 (1.59) |
34.53 (3.89) |
|||
| Hearing | 23 | 4.96 (.46) |
27.6 (1.61) |
40.79 (4.02) |
||||
| Both | 87 | 5.06 (.26) |
25.3 (.93) |
34.77 (2.51) |
||||
| Deaf mother | Yes | 19 | 5.76 (.51) |
26.99 (1.83) |
37.86 (4.26) |
|||
| No or don't know | 122 | 4.99 (.23) |
25.65 (.84) |
35.77 (2.19) |
||||
| Deaf father | Yes | 16 | 5.51 (.55) |
25.64 (1.99) |
36.61 (4.75) |
|||
| No or don't know | 126 | 5.01 (.23) |
25.77 (.82) |
36.03 (2.16) |
||||
| Deaf siblings | Yes | 29 | 5.16 (.42) |
25.48 (1.55) |
38.51 (3.73) |
|||
| No or don't know | 93 | 5.05 (.26) |
25.91 (.98) |
36.03 (2.39) |
||||
| Deaf extended family |
Yes | 16 | 5.35 (.43) |
24.27 (1.52) |
36.23 (3.96) |
|||
| No or don't know | 126 | 5.03 (.24) |
26.26 (.86) |
36.07 (2.22) |
||||
| Quality of communication with parents |
Poor | 42 | 4.80 (.35) |
22.00 (1.17) |
18.29 (1,107) .0001 |
34.65 (3.17) |
||
| Good | 92 | 5.16 (.28) |
28.25 (.95) |
36.91 (2.52) |
||||
| Type of school | Mostly deaf | 4.91 (.31) |
23.95 (1.09) |
5.36 (1,105) .0225 |
32.52 (2.64) |
4.92 (1,82) .0293 |
||
| Hearing at least half of the time |
5.07 (.29) |
27.09 (1.03) |
40.11 (2.73) |
|||||