Table 1.
Included study characteristics
| Source | Participants | Screening of subclinical depression | Conditions | Primary outcome | Secondary outcome | Follow-up (months) | n of sessions | Frequency | Support |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buhrman et al. [39] | Patients with chronic pain for more than 3 months | MADRS-S ≥ 10, PRIME-MD | 1.iCBT (n = 28) 2.WL (n = 24) | MADRS BAI PDI |
ASI PCS QOLI CPAQ CSQ MPI |
12 | 8 | Once a week | Tailored treatment made by therapists; Weekly feedback email on homework from therapists; Weekly reminder from the platform |
| Buntrock et al. [36] | Employees (>18 years) | CES-D ≥ 16 Without suicidal risk, No MDD and bipolar disorder | 1.iCBT (n = 202) 2.AC (n = 204) | CES-D | SF-12 MCS PCS PSMS PSWQ |
6 | 6 | Once or twice a week | Weekly email contact with therapists |
| Buntrock et al. [40] | Employees (>18 years) | CES-D ≥ 16 Without suicidal risk, No MDD and bipolar disorder | 1.iCBT (n = 202) 2.AC (n = 204) | CES-D | SF-12 MCS PCS PSMS PSWQ |
12 | 6 | Once or twice a week | Weekly email contact with therapists |
| Imamura et al. [34] | Employees (>18 years) | No MDD and bipolar disorder (CIDI) | 1.i-CBT (n = 381) 2.WL (n = 381) | BDI-II | K6 DAS |
3,6 | 6 | Once a week | Weekly feedback email on homework from therapists; Weekly reminder from the platform |
| Mullin et al. [35] | Adults (>18 years) | Self-identified depressive symptoms without suicidal ideas, PHQ-9 ≤ 19, No psychotic mental illness (MINI) | 1. iCBT (n = 31) 2.WL (n = 24) | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 K-10 SDS |
3 | 5 | Once a week | Weekly email/phone contact with therapists; Weekly reminder from the platform |
| Phillips et al. [31] | Employees (>18 years) | PHQ-9: Scored 2 or more on five of the 9 items, including Item 1 or Item 2 | 1.iCBT (n = 171) 2.AC (n = 188) | WSAS | PHQ-9 CORE10 GAD-7 |
1.5 | 5 | Once a week | No support |
| Proudfoot et al. [37] | Adults (18–75 years) | 27 ≤ DASS ≤ 63; without suicidal thoughts, attempts and psychotic symptoms | 1. iCBT (n = 242) 2.AC (n = 248) 3.WL (n = 230) |
DASS-depression | WSAS DASS-anxiety DASS-stress |
3 | 10 | Once a week | Weekly phone contact with therapists; Regular reminder from the platform |
| Spek et al. [25] | Elderly (50–75 years) | EDS ≥ 12 Without psychiatric disorder (CIDI) | 1.iCBT (n = 102) 2.gCBT (n = 99) 3.WL (n = 100) | EDS BDI |
- | 10 | Once a week | No support | |
| Spek et al. [33] | Elderly (50–75 years) | EDS ≥ 12 Without psychiatric disorder (CIDI) |
1. iCBT (n = 102) 2.gCBT (n = 99) 3.WL (n = 100) | EDS BDI |
12 | 10 | Once a week | No support | |
| Titov et al. [41] | Elderly (≥60 years) | Self-identified depressive symptoms | 1. iCBT (n = 27) 2.WL (n = 25) | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | 3, 12 | 5 | Once a week | Tailored treatment selected by the system |
Note: AC attention control, ASI Anxiety Sensitivity Index, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D Centre of Epidemiology Studies-Depression, CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CORE10 Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation, CPAQ Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, CSQ Coping Strategies Questionnaire, DASS The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales, DAS The Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, EDS Edinburgh Depression Scale, gCBT group cognitive behavioural therapy, GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 items, GHQ general health questionnaire, iCBT internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy, K-6 Kessler’s 6-item psychological distress scale, K-10 Kessler’s 6-item psychological distress scale, MADRS Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, MINI Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MPI Multidimensional Pain Inventory, PCS Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PDI Pain Disability Index, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, PSMS Pearlln Mastery Scale, PSWQ Penn State Worrying Questionnaire,QOLI Quality of Life Inventory, SDS Sheehan Disability Scales, SF-12 MCS SF-12 Health Survey Mental Health Composite Subscale, SF-12 PCS SF-12 Health Survey Physical Health Composite Subscale, WSAS The Work and Social Adjustment Scale, WL waiting list