Figure 1a.

Treatment protocol for limited fluid and early norepinephrine cohort. eMMM: Extended-multimodal-monitoring (physical examination, focused ECHO + USCOM); USCOM: Ultrasound cardiac output monitor; FI: Fluid intolerance (features of fluid overload or pulmonary edema); SVRI: Systemic vascular resistance index; IVC: Inferior vena cava; SVV: Stroke-volume-variation