Table 1.
Comparison of clobazam responders and non-responders
| Variable | Treated with CLB (n = 24) | CLB responders (n = 6) | CLB non-responders (n = 18) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender, female | 16 (66.7) | 3 (50.0) | 13 (72.2) | 0.362b |
| Age on admission, y | 64 (52–72) | 70 (59–71) | 64 (50–72) | 0.820c |
| Age ≥ 65 y | 11 (45.8) | 4 (66.7) | 7 (38.9) | 0.357b |
| Premorbid mRS | 4 (1–4) | 4 (4–5) | 1 (1–4) | 0.104c |
| RSE characteristics | ||||
| NCSE in coma | 4 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 1.000b |
| Generalized convulsive SE | 8 (33.3) | 3 (50.0) | 5 (27.8) | 0.362b |
| Complex-partial SE | 12 (50.0) | 2 (33.3) | 10 (55.6) | 0.640b |
| Stuporous or comatose | 16 (66.7) | 4 (66.7) | 12 (66.7) | 1.000b |
| Acute symptomatic etiology | 10 (41.7) | 0 (0) | 10 (55.6) | 0.024 b |
| History of seizures | 10 (41.7) | 4 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | 0.192b |
| Potentially fatal etiology | 11 (45.8) | 3 (50.0) | 8 (44.4) | 1.000b |
| STESS | 3 (1–4) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (1–4) | 0.537c |
| STESS ≥ 3 | 15 (62.5) | 5 (83.3) | 10 (55.6) | 0.351b |
| EEG features | ||||
| Lateralized seizure patterns/RDA | 9 (37.5) | 2 (33.3) | 7 (38.7) | 1.000b |
| Lateralized periodic discharges | 10 (41.7) | 4 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | 0.192b |
| Lateralized periodic discharges or seizure patterns/RDA | 19 (79.2) | 6 (100) | 13 (72.2) | 0.280b |
| Laboratory findings on admission | ||||
| Leukocyte count, ×103/μl | 8.5 (6.3–12.0) | 8.5 (8.0–10.3) | 8.8 (5.8–12.2) | 0.914c |
| C-reactive protein, mg/l | 18.0 (4.2–56.2) | 3.4 (1.2–56.6) | 33.0 (13.8–56.3) | 0.446c |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.2 (1.6) | 10.9 (0.9) | 11.3 (1.7) | 0.622d |
| Serum sodium, mmol/l | 136.5 (7.3) | 136.8 (4.7) | 136.4 (8.1) | 0.908d |
| Treatment and complications | ||||
| Duration of RSE, d | 16 (8–32) | 6 (4–36) | 16 (10–27) | 0.820c |
| Length of hospital stay, d | 29 (13–61) | 14 (6–53) | 29 (14–57) | 0.673c |
| Mechanical ventilation | 13 (54.2) | 3 (50.0) | 10 (55.6) | 1.000b |
| Length of mechanical ventilation, d | 6 (0–43) | 0 (0–30) | 6 (0–48) | 0.770c |
| Use of anesthetics | 11 (45.8) | 3 (50.0) | 8 (44.4) | 1.000b |
| Induction of burst suppression | 11 (45.8) | 3 (50.0) | 8 (44.4) | 1.000b |
| Number of AEDs | 7 (5–11) | 9 (5–14) | 7 (4–11) | 0.537c |
| Use of vasopressors | 13 (54.2) | 3 (50.0) | 10 (55.6) | 1.000b |
| Sepsis | 8 (33.3) | 3 (50.0) | 5 (27.8) | 0.362b |
| Outcome | ||||
| RSE terminated | 20 (83.3) | 6 (100.0) | 14 (77.8) | 0.539b |
| Poor outcome at follow-upa | 18 (78.3) | 4 (80.0) | 14 (77.8) | 1.000b |
| In-hospital mortality | 4 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (22.2) | 0.539b |
Values are n (%), mean (±standard deviation) or median (interquartile range); significant (p < 0.05) parameters are expressed in bold
Abbreviations: AED antiepileptic drug, CLB clobazam, mRS modified Rankin Scale score, NCSE noncunvulsive status epilepticus, RDA rhythmic delta activity, RSE refractory status epilepticus, SE status epilepticus, STESS Status Epilepticus Severity Score
aData available for 23 episodes
bFisher’s exact test
cMann-Whitney U-test
dStudent’s t-test