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. 2016 Oct 21;16:598. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1816-5

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Self-efficacy score, forest plot by study design. RCT: randomised controlled trial; CBA: controlled before-after study; BA: before-after study (without external control group); INT: intervention; CON: control; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval