Table 1.

Characteristics of women by source of payment of birth. Birth in Brazil, 2011-2012

	Total		Public		Private		Chi square P-value*
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	23,894		19,129		4,765		-
Maternal age
< 20	4,571	19.1	4,325	22.6	246	5.2	<0.001
20–34	16,807	70.4	13,162	68.8	3,645	76.5
> 34	2,509	10.5	1,635	8.6	874	18.3
Skin color
White	8,078	33.8	5,484	28.7	2,594	54.4	<0.001
Black	2,051	8.6	1,892	9.9	159	3.3
Pardo/Mixed	13,404	56.1	11,457	59.9	1,947	40.9
Yellow	257	1.1	202	1.1	55	1.2
Indigenous	99	0.4	89	0.5	10,0	0.2
Marital status
Live with a partner	19,440	81.4	15,177	79.4	4,263	89.5	<0.001
Do not live with a partner	4,431	18.6	3,931	20.6	500	10.5
Years of schooling
≤ 7	6,363	26.5	6,197	32.4	166	3.5	<0.001
8 to 10	6,104	25.6	5,604	29.3	500	10.5
11 to 14	9,310	39.0	6,790	35.5	2,520	52.9
≥ 15	2,112	8.9	535	2.8	1,577	33.1
Parity
0	11,208	46.9	8,569	44.8	2,639	55.4	<0.001
1	7,015	29.4	5,405	28.3	1,610	33.8
≥ 2	5,671	23.7	5,155	26.9	516	10.8
Previous cesarean**
0	7,571	59.7	6,885	65.2	686	32.2	<0.001
1	3,905	30.8	2,689	25.5	1,216	57.2
≥ 2	1,211	9.5	986	9.3	225	10.6
Type of pregnancy
Single	23,610	98.8	18,936	99.0	4,674	98.1	<0.001
Multiple	284	1.2	192	1.0	92	1.9
Induction of labor
yes	2,729	11.4	2,561	13.4	168	3.5	<0.001
no	21,165	88.6	16,568	86.6	4,597	96.5
Labor (spontaneous or induced)
yes	13,458	56.3	12,618	66.0	840	17.6	<0.001
no	10,436	43.7	6,511	34.0	3,925	82.4
Delivery
Vaginal	11,152	46.7	10,605	55.4	547	11.5	<0.001
Forceps/Vaccum	347	1.5	317	1.7	30	0.6
Cesarean	12,395	51.9	8,207	42.9	4,188	87.9
High obstetric risk***
yes	5,677	23.8	4,487	23.5	1,190	25.0	0.225
no	18,217	76.2	14,642	76.5	3,575	75.0

* χ2 test

** Only women with previous cesarean

*** hypertensive disorders, eclampsia, preexisting diabetes, gestational diabetes, severe chronic diseases, infection at hospital admission for birth, placental abruption, placenta previa, intrauterine growth restriction and major newborn malformation