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. 2016 Oct 21;14:71. doi: 10.1186/s12958-016-0205-6

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — A diagram of pathways by which AGEs affect genes involved in steroid synthesis and follicular development. AGEs induce LHR mRNA expression and alter LH hormone action by inappropriate activation of ERK1/2 pathway. The interaction of AGEs with its cell membrane receptor RAGE induces StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein), P450scc (cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme), CYP17A1 (17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17, 20 lyase), and 3β-HSD (3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) mRNA expression levels. AGE-RAGE interaction also induces AMHR-II mRNA levels and increases SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation (AMH pathway). AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end-products; AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone