Table 2.
Drugs with side effect profiles similar to antidepressants
| Drug | Drug type | Drug target | Indication | Neighboring antidepressant | Antidepressant’s mode of action | P-value* | Top shared rare side effects within cluster** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glatiramer Acetate | Immune-modulator | HLA-DRB1 | Multiple sclerosis | Fluoxetine | SSRI | 0.001 | Tenosynovitis (6); Skin hypertrophy (5); Tongue discolouration (5); Alcohol intolerance (4); Circumoral paresthesia (4); Dental caries (4); Depressive type psychosis (4); Rheumatoid arthritis (4); Salivary gland enlargement (4); Urethritis (4) |
| Paroxetine | SSRI | 0.006 | |||||
| Fluvoxamine | SSRI | 0.001 | |||||
| Selegiline | MAO-B inhibitor | <0.001 | |||||
| Mirtazapine | 5HT & α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist | <0.001 | |||||
| Lenalidomide | Immune-modulator | TNF-α | Multiple myeloma; Myelodysplastic syndromes | Pramipexole | Non-ergoline dopamine agonist | 0.019 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3); Diverticulitis (3); Ear infection (3) Prostate cancer (3) |
| Ustekinumab | Immune-modulator | Interleukin 12/23 | Plaque psoriasis; Psoriatic arthritis | 0.002 | |||
| Pimecrolimus | Immune-modulator | Calcineurin | Atopic dermatitis | <0.001 | |||
| Siltuximab | Immune-modulator | Interleukin 6 | Castleman’s disease | <0.001 | |||
| Rapamycin | Immune-modulator | Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) | Rejection in organ transplant | Selegiline | MAO-B inhibitor | 0.016 | |
| Montelukast | Immune-modulator | Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) | Asthma; Seasonal allergies | Bupropion | Dopamine & norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | 0.011 | |
| Naproxen | Anti-inflammatory; Analgesic | COX-1/2 | Inflammations; Pain | Paroxetine | SSRI | 0.006 | Bleeding time prolonged (4); Retinal haemorrhage (4); Fever chills (4); Pyuria (4); Keratoconjunctivitis (3); WBC abnormal NOS (3); Tenosynovitis (3) ; Urethritis (3); Deficiency anaemia (3); Diarrhoea haemorrhagic (3); Electroencephalogram abnormal (3); Enteritis (3); Iron deficiency (3); Iron deficiency anaemia (3) |
| Ketoprofen | Fluoxetine | SSRI | 0.003 | ||||
| Flurbiprofen | Paroxetine | SSRI | <0.001 | ||||
| Fluoxetine | SSRI | <0.001 | |||||
| Diclofenac | Nefazodone | 5HT receptor antagonist | 0.037 | ||||
| Rofecoxib | COX-2 | Duloxetine | SNRI | 0.029 | |||
| Meloxicam | Clomipramine | Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor (TCA) | 0.031 | ||||
| Valdecoxib | Sertraline | SSRI | 0.015 | ||||
| Fludrocortisone | Anti-inflammatory | Mineralocorticoid receptor/Glucocorticoid receptor | Addison’s disease/salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome | Lithium | Other | 0.004 | Benign intracranial hypertension (4); Exophthalmos (4); Papilloedema (4); Pseudotumor (4) |
| Cortisone | Glucocorticoid receptor | Inflammations; Pain | 0.005 | ||||
| Hydrocortisone | Glucocorticoid receptor | Severe allergic reactions; Inflammations | 0.001 | ||||
| Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate | Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) | Skin irritations | Venlafaxine | SNRI | 0.017 | Miliaria (5); Skin atrophy (5); Skin striae (5) | |
| Clocortolone | 0.012 | ||||||
| Alclometasone | 0.01 | ||||||
| Halcinonide | NR3C1 and SMO | 0.026 |
*P-value determined by random shuffling the side effect labels 1000 times and then compares the randomly generated cosine correlation coefficient with the original one
**The top shared rare side effects are the ones that are shared by more than half of the drugs sharing side effect similarity connections within the cluster. Numbers in the parentheses are the number of drugs within the cluster having that side effect. For clusters with a hub that has connections with all other drugs, the hub drug has all the top side effects listed