Table 2.
Adiposity and cardiometabolic markers by quintile of BCAA intake in females aged 18–76 ya.
| n = | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCAA intake (% protein) | 1997 | 17.6 (0.2) | 17.9 (0.1) | 18.1 (0.1) | 18.3 (0.1) | 18.7 (0.2) | – |
| Weight (kg) | 1997 | 65.5 (65.0, 66.1) | 65.7 (65.2, 66.3) | 65.9 (65.3, 66.4) | 65.2 (64.7, 65.8) | 64.8 (64.2, 65.5) | 0.05 |
| Body fat (% total body mass) | 1792 | 33.8 (33.2, 34.4) | 34.1 (33.6, 34.7) | 34.5 (34.0, 35.1) | 33.6 (33.1, 34.2) | 34.6 (34.0, 35.2) | 0.28 |
| Waist to height ratio | 1828 | 0.49 (0.48, 0.50) | 0.49 (0.48, 0.49) | 0.49 (0.48, 0.49) | 0.48 (0.48, 0.49) | 0.48 (0.48, 0.49) | 0.04 |
| HOMA-IR | 1997 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) | 0.02 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 1997 | 6.6 (6.2, 7.0) | 6.5 (6.1, 6.9) | 6.2 (5.8, 6.5) | 6.1 (5.8, 6.5) | 6.1 (5.8, 6.5) | 0.03 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 1997 | 4.5 (4.4, 4.6) | 4.5 (4.5, 4.6) | 4.5 (4.4, 4.5) | 4.5 (4.4, 4.5) | 4.5 (4.4, 4.5) | 0.13 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1432 | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 0.01 |
| Lipids (logTG:HDL-C) | 1845 | 0.08 (0.04, 0.11) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.61 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1952 | 121 (120, 123) | 121 (119, 122) | 120 (118, 121) | 119 (118, 121) | 119 (117, 120) | 0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1952 | 76.1 (75.0, 77.3) | 76.7 (75.7, 77.8) | 75.8 (74.7, 77.0) | 75.7 (74.7, 76.7) | 75.4 (74.3, 76.4) | 0.16 |
Values are adjusted geometric means (95% CI) except for intake values which are unadjusted means (SD) and lipid values which are adjusted means (95% CI), n = 1997. Means are adjusted for age, smoking, physical activity, BMI, HRT, menopausal status, use of diabetes or cholesterol lowering drugs, vitamin supplements, under-reporting, and intakes of energy, carbohydrate, saturated fat, wholegrains, alcohol and protein. Weight and waist to height ratio are not adjusted for BMI and blood pressure was additionally adjusted for use of anti-hypertensive medication. BCAA = branched chain amino acids; HDL-C = high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TG = triglycerides.