Comparison of observed and predicted Freab using the mechanistic tubular reabsorption model and Papp data obtained in Caco-2 cells. Panel A: Predicted relationship between Freab and Papp is shown by the solid black line, whereas observed data are shown by symbols; Panel B: Predicted/observed Freab are plotted as symbols, whereas solid and dashed black lines indicate Predicted/observed = 1 and 3-fold error, respectively. Symbols indicate neutral (), basic (), acidic (), zwitterion () and amphoteric () drugs. Drugs with negative values for observed Freab are plotted as Freab = 0 in Panel A, or predicted/observed Freab = 100 in Panel B, as described in the Materials and methods.