Table 5.

Hand hygiene improvement by year of participation.

Years since joining INICC	HH observations	No. of ICUs included	No. of hospitals included	HH % (95% CI)	Adjusted OR	p-value
First 3 months (baseline)	2,825	12	12	28.8% (27.2–30.5)	1.0
Second 3 months	7,352	12	12	43.4% (42.2–44.5)	1.8 (1.6–2.0)	0.0001
2nd year	6,211	8	8	45.5% (44.3–47.9)	3.2 (2.9–3.6)	0.0001
3rd year	4,467	6	6	48.7% (47.2–50.2)	3.5 (3.0–4.0)	0.0001
4th year	812	3	3	73.3% (70.1–76.3)	2.3 (1.8–2.8)	0.0001
6th year	478	2	2	91% (87.6–93.0)	8.3 (4.9–14.0)	0.0001

INICC, International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium; HH, hand hygiene; ICU, intensive care units; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

NOTE: Comparisons were made using only the ICUs with follow-up. That is, for the comparison of hand hygiene compliance with baseline for the third year, only hospitals with at least 3 years follow-up were included and the same with the following periods.