Figure 4.

a) Schematic illustration of experimental approaches. hMSCs and HUVECs were seeded in EGM and MSCGM at 1:1 ratio on scaffolds for first day. Then the vascular differentiation was induced for 1 week in EGM. At last, the OM/EGM (1:1) was supplied to induce osteogenic differentiation for another 3 weeks. b) Schematic diagram of dynamic culture in a custom‐designed flow bioreactor system. The system composes of four parts, which are perfused chamber, flow controller, nutrient controller, and gas controller. When culture medium flowed through constructs, the cells seeded on the scaffolds would be subject to fluid shear stress by mimicking fluid surrounding in vivo. c) Immunofluorescence staining of the vascularization marked with CD31 antibody for 2 and 4 weeks in a dynamic culture condition. The scale bars indicate 100 μm.