Table 1.

Performance of milliliter‐scale MFCs with carbon‐based bioanodes

Bio‐anode material	Open‐circuit potential [V]	Bacteria	Maximum volumetric power densitya) [W m−3]	Maximum volumetric power densityb) [W m−3]	Refs.
Plain graphite	–	Anaerobically activated sludge	0.4 (45 mL)	–	32
Carbon felt	≈0.56	Mixed bacteria	0.8 (36 mL)	10.1 (2.8 mL)	33
Polyaniline‐coated carbon felt	≈0.60	Mixed bacteria	1.1 (36 mL)	13.7 (2.8 mL)	33
Polyaniline/poly(1,8‐diaminonaphthalene)‐coated carbon felt	≈0.50	Mixed bacteria	93.3 (36 mL)	933 (3.6 mL)	34
Carbon cloth	≈0.70	Mixed bacteria	60.0 (28 mL)	–	35
Polyaniline/TiO2‐coated Ni foam	0.88	E. coli	135 (25 mL)	–	36
3D graphene scaffold	≈0.68	S. oneidensis	27 (25 mL)	661 (1.02 mL)	12
Carbon felt	0.17	Anaerobically activated sludge	10.8 (20 mL)	–	37
Carbon nanotube sponge	0.25	Anaerobically activated sludge	14.1 (20 mL)	940 (0.3 mL)	37
CC	0.58 ± 0.02	S. oneidensis	17 ± 1 (25 mL)	56 ± 2 (7.5 mL)	This Work
rGO‐Ni	0.60 ± 0.01	S. oneidensis	83 ± 2 (25 mL)	276 ± 4 (7.5 mL)	This Work
N‐GA	0.69 ± 0.01	S. oneidensis	225 ± 12 (25 mL)	750 ± 40 (7.5 mL)	This Work

^a)Normalized to the total volume of the anodic chamber (listed in the parenthesis);

^b)Normalized to the total volume of bioanode (listed in the parenthesis).