Figure 4. Image classification allows studying macromolecular dynamics.

Mixtures of macromolecular complexes in distinct conformational or compositional states may be imaged directly, and image classification may be used to obtain structures for each of the states. Thereby, image classification allows characterization of the functional cycles of dynamic molecular machines from a single experiment. Different functional states of the eukaryotic V-type ATPase⁶¹ are shown as an example.