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Spider species and silk fibers used in this study. Top: female N. clavipes, bundles of dragline silk fiber (diameter ∼32 μm) and individual dragline silk (diameter ∼3.35 μm). Middle: female K. hibernalis. The web has frayed silk structure and also single-strand fiber structure with diameter of ∼2 μm. Bottom: female P. phalangioides. The silk fiber has a diameter of ∼0.5 μm.
