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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 16.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2016 Mar 3;89(6):1331–1342. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.002

Figure 3. Consistent VTA Activation and Group Differences Emerged with Feedback Training.

Figure 3

ERA time courses for ACTIVATE >COUNT during Test and Training trials. Waveforms represent percentage signal difference from baseline (shading, ± SEM). The time course for both ACTIVATE and COUNT is calculated relative to the preceding 3-s inter-trial interval. To compare the time series, we subtracted COUNT from the ACTIVATE time series. Time courses were segmented at 10 s to examine sustained activation (solid horizontal bars represent means). Pre-test: no significant positive activations or group differences. Training: VTA Feedback group showed greater VTA activation than the VC group in both early (p < 0.0001) and late phases of trials (p < 0.05; i.e., across the entire 20 s), but did not significantly differ from FF group (p > 0.1). Post-test: the VTA Feedback group sustained greater activation relative to baseline (early, late, and overall p < 0.05), relative to the VC group (early, late, and overall p < 0.005), and relative to FF group (late and overall p < 0.05). Post hoc t tests (p < 0.05) are denoted by the keys below the time courses. Center white circle, baseline; orange, VTA Feedback; blue, VC; gray, FF; black line, a significant difference.