Table 2.
Nutritional, functional, psychological, and quality of life assessment of patients
| Variables | Sex
|
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Male (N=59) | n | Female (N=51) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 59 | 26.3±4.9 | 51 | 25.1±5.4 | 0.205 |
| HbA1C (%) | 44 | 7.2±1.2 | 35 | 7.8±1.6 | 0.082 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 59 | 16.3±10.0 | 51 | 14.5±9.2 | 0.354 |
| SNAQ | 57 | 14.7±3.1 | 49 | 13.6±3.7 | 0.093 |
| Calorie intake (kcal/d) | 59 | 1,313±340 | 51 | 1,191±334 | 0.061 |
| Protein intake (g/d) | 59 | 53±15 | 51 | 50±14 | 0.388 |
| Barthel Indexa | 59 | 83.5±22.3 | 51 | 80.3±24.5 | 0.586 |
| IADL | 59 | 3.5±1.6 | 51 | 4.7±2.6 | N/A |
| The MoCA | 52 | 19.6±7.4 | 42 | 14.9±6.7 | 0.002* |
| GDSa | 58 | 4.2±3.8 | 49 | 5.2±3.5 | 0.087 |
| B-IPQ | 54 | 44 | |||
| Total score | 32.9±12.6 | 31.8±10.2 | 0.650 | ||
| Consequencesa | 5.5±3.4 | 5.2±2.9 | 0.568 | ||
| Timelinea | 8.6±2.1 | 8.5±2.1 | 0.831 | ||
| Personal control | 6.1±2.6 | 6.2±2.2 | 0.815 | ||
| Treatment controla | 7.3±2.1 | 7.6±2.3 | 0.482 | ||
| Identity | 4.9±2.8 | 4.6±2.9 | 0.566 | ||
| Concerna | 8.5±2.0 | 8.6±1.8 | 0.761 | ||
| Understandinga | 7.4±1.9 | 6.9±2.4 | 0.420 | ||
| Emotional responsea | 3.2±2.6 | 2.8±2.7 | 0.316 | ||
| MOS-social supporta | 57 | 50 | |||
| Total score | 84.3±14.7 | 85.5±15.2 | 0.637 | ||
| Emotional/informational supporta | 33.0±6.4 | 33.7±6.6 | 0.434 | ||
| Tangible supporta | 18.3±2.3 | 18.3±2.4 | 0.776 | ||
| Affectionate supporta | 13.1±2.7 | 13.4±2.4 | 0.809 | ||
| Positive social interactiona | 12.1±2.8 | 12.2±3.0 | 0.706 | ||
| DKQ | 55 | 13.4±4.7 | 45 | 12.6±5.0 | 0.397 |
| WHOQoL-BREF | 57 | 47 | |||
| Domain 1: Physical health | 12.7±3.5 | 12.3±3.3 | 0.565 | ||
| Domain 2: Psychologicala | 14.3±2.8 | 14.1±2.8 | 0.796 | ||
| Domain 3: Social relationship | 14.8±3.3 | 14.0±3.4 | 0.212 | ||
| Domain 4: Environment | 15.4±2.7 | 15.8±2.6 | 0.522 | ||
Notes: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation unless stated otherwise.
*
P>0.05 (NS) using independent t-test (two tailed).
a
Analyzed using Mann–Whitney U-test.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; B-IPQ, Brief-Illness Perception Questionnaire; DKQ, Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MOS, Medical Outcome Study; N/A, not applicable; NS, not significant; SNAQ, simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire; WHOQoL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF.