Table 5.
Structural and Functional ACC Connectivity in Adolescent Depression
| Structural Connectivity | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Adolescents at High Risk for Depression | ||||||||
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| ||||||||
| HR n | LR n | Mean Age | FA Difference | Tract | T | b-value | Directions | |
|
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| Huang 2011 | 18 | 13 | 15.6 | ↓ | Cingulum | 3 | 1000 | 30 |
| Keedwell 2012 | 18 | 15 | 22.2 | ↓ | Cingulum | 3 | 1000 | 30 |
|
| ||||||||
| Adolescents with Depression | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| MD n | TD n | Mean Age | FA Difference | Tract | T | b-value | Directions | |
|
|
||||||||
| Cullen 2010 | 14 | 14 | 16.8 | ↓ | Cingulum | 3 | 1000 | 30 |
| Henderson 2013 | 17 | 16 | 16.6 | ↓ | Cingulum, ATR | 3 | 1000 | 12 |
| LeWinn 2014 | 52 | 42 | 16.1 | ↓ | ATR | 3 | 1500 | 30 |
|
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| Functional Connectivity | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Adolescents at High Risk for Depression | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| HR n | LR n | Mean Age | ACC Connectivity | Regions with Connectivity to ACC | Subregion | Context | Method | |
|
|
||||||||
| Chai 2015 | 27 | 16 | 11.2 | ↓ | dlPFC | sgACC | Rest | mPFC/PCC, dlPFF amygdala seeds |
|
| ||||||||
| ↑ | mPFC/PCC | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Clasen 2014 | 11 | 13 | 13.6 | ↓ | rIFG | dACC | Rest | rIFG seed |
|
| ||||||||
| Kerestes 2016 | 29 | 43 | 14 | - | - | - | Viewing happy faces | Putamen, dlPFC seeds |
|
| ||||||||
| Adolescents with Depressive Symptoms | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| n | Mean Age | ACC Connectivity | Regions with Connectivity to ACC | Subregion | Context | Method | ||
| Strikwerda-Brown 2014 | 72 | 16.47 | ↓ | PCC, angular gyrus, dlPFC, dmPFC, vmPFC | sgACC | Rest | sgACC seed | |
|
| ||||||||
| Davey 2015 | 56 | 16.5 | ↑ | Amygdala | sgACC | Rest | Amygdala seed | |
|
| ||||||||
| Adolescents with Current Depression | ||||||||
|
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| MD N | TD N | Mean Age | ACC Connectivity | Regions with Connectivity to ACC | Subregion | Context | Method | |
|
|
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| Connolly 2013 | 23 | 36 | 16 | ↑ | Insula, amygdala | sgACC | Rest | 4 sgACC seeds |
|
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| Cullen 2009 | 12 | 14 | 16.6 | ↓ | mPFC, STG, Insula | sgACC | Rest | sgACC, dACC, amygdala seeds |
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| ||||||||
| Gabbay 2013 | 21 | 21 | 16.7 | ↑ | Caudate | sgACC, pgACC | Rest | 6 striatal seeds |
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| ||||||||
| Geng 2016 | 26 | 31 | 15.6 | - | - | - | Rest | Hippocampus seed |
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| Kim 2015 | 22 | 20 | 14 | - | - | - | Rest | Amygdala, PCC seeds |
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| Pannekoek 2014 | 26 | 26 | 15 | ↑ | Amygala | pgACC dACC |
Rest | Amygdala, seeds dACC, PCC |
|
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| ↓ | mPFC | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Blom 2012 | 31 | 36 | 16 | ↑ | Insula | dACC | Viewing affective faces | Insula seed |
|
| ||||||||
| Ho 2014 | 19 | 19 | 16 | ↓ | mPFC, insula, fusiform, precuneus | sgACC | Viewing fearful faces | sgACC seed |
|
| ||||||||
| ↑ | Amygdala | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Ho 2015 | 26 | 37 | 16 | ↑ | mPFC, PCC | dACC | Viewing affective faces | mPFC, PCC seeds |
|
| ||||||||
| Kerestes 2016 | 29 | 43 | 15.3 | - | - | - | Viewing Happy Faces | Putamen, dlPFC seeds |
|
| ||||||||
| Perlman 2012 | 14 | 14 | 15.4 | ↑ | Amygdala | sgACC | Emotion regulation task | Amygdala seed |
Note: Papers are listed by name of first author; et al. is implied. Upward arrow indicates greater value in clinical or high-risk group than in typically developing (TD) group. HR: high-risk; LR: low-risk; FA: fractional anisotropy; MD: major depression; ATR: anterior thalamic radiations; ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; dlPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; dmPFC: dorsomedial PFC; vmPFC: ventromedial PFC; sgACC: subgenual ACC; mPFC: medial PFC; STG: superior temporal gyrus; dACC: dorsal ACC; pgACC: pregenual ACC.