Table 1.
EtOH | NIC | CB | COC | STIM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Age Vulnerability | Adol>Adult | Adol>Adult | Adol>Adult | ? | Adol<Adult | |||||
Cognitive/behav. | ||||||||||
Spatial memory | ↓= | = | ||||||||
Conditional discrimin./pattern learning |
↓ | ↓ | ||||||||
Attention | ↓ | (↓) | ||||||||
Obj. recognit./working memory |
↓ | ↓ | = | ↓ | ||||||
Pre-pulse inhibition |
↓ | |||||||||
Congitive flexibility |
↓ | |||||||||
Risk preference | ↑ | |||||||||
Impulsivity/disinhibition | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||
Retent. of adoles-typical phenotypes | ↑ | |||||||||
Affective/Social behavior | ||||||||||
Depression-like behaviors | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||
Social interactions | ↓ | ↓ | = | ↓ | ||||||
Social anxiety-like behaviors |
↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ||||||
Other anxiety-like behaviors |
↑, ↓ | ↑ | ↑, ↓, = | =, ↓ | ||||||
Later self-admint. (same/different drugs) |
↑, = | ↑, = | ↑, = | |||||||
Neural | ||||||||||
Neurogenesis | ↓ | |||||||||
Cell death |
↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||
Spines/dendritic branching | ↑ | |||||||||
Electrophysiol. Alterations | Y | Y | ||||||||
Neuroimmune activation | Y | |||||||||
Histone acetylation/epigentic regulat. |
Y | Y | ||||||||
Alterations in: | ||||||||||
Ach | Y | Y | Y | |||||||
Glutmate/GABA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
DA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
5HT | Y | Y | Y | |||||||
CB | Y | |||||||||
Affected brain regions: | ||||||||||
PFC | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
HPC | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
nAc | Y | Y | Y | Y | ||||||
AMYG | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
impaired/attenuated; ↑ enhanced; = no notable exposure effects; Y alterations reported (often complex)