Table 1.
Overview of consequences of repeated adolescent exposure to ethanol (EtOH), nicotine (NIC), cannabinoids (CBs) and MDMA and methamphetamine stimulants (STIM)
| EtOH | NIC | CB | COC | STIM | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Age Vulnerability | Adol>Adult | Adol>Adult | Adol>Adult | ? | Adol<Adult | |||||
| Cognitive/behav. | ||||||||||
| Spatial memory | ↓= | = | ||||||||
| Conditional discrimin./pattern learning |
↓ | ↓ | ||||||||
| Attention | ↓ | (↓) | ||||||||
| Obj. recognit./working memory |
↓ | ↓ | = | ↓ | ||||||
| Pre-pulse inhibition |
↓ | |||||||||
| Congitive flexibility |
↓ | |||||||||
| Risk preference | ↑ | |||||||||
| Impulsivity/disinhibition | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||
| Retent. of adoles-typical phenotypes | ↑ | |||||||||
| Affective/Social behavior | ||||||||||
| Depression-like behaviors | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||
| Social interactions | ↓ | ↓ | = | ↓ | ||||||
| Social anxiety-like behaviors |
↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ||||||
| Other anxiety-like behaviors |
↑, ↓ | ↑ | ↑, ↓, = | =, ↓ | ||||||
| Later self-admint. (same/different drugs) |
↑, = | ↑, = | ↑, = | |||||||
| Neural | ||||||||||
| Neurogenesis | ↓ | |||||||||
| Cell death |
↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||
| Spines/dendritic branching | ↑ | |||||||||
| Electrophysiol. Alterations | Y | Y | ||||||||
| Neuroimmune activation | Y | |||||||||
| Histone acetylation/epigentic regulat. |
Y | Y | ||||||||
| Alterations in: | ||||||||||
| Ach | Y | Y | Y | |||||||
| Glutmate/GABA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
| DA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
| 5HT | Y | Y | Y | |||||||
| CB | Y | |||||||||
| Affected brain regions: | ||||||||||
| PFC | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
| HPC | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
| nAc | Y | Y | Y | Y | ||||||
| AMYG | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||
impaired/attenuated; ↑ enhanced; = no notable exposure effects; Y alterations reported (often complex)