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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Aug 13;70:182–188. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.008

Figure 1. Determinants and Consequences of Adolescent Sleep.

Figure 1

This diagram outlines the central theme of the review: a complex milieu of determinants and consequences of sleep interact during the sensitive window of adolescence. Center: Developmental shifts in sleep behavior (e.g., sleep need and timing) and physiology (e.g., slow waves and sleep spindles) index maturational changes in sleep and circadian regulatory systems emerging along with developmental trajectories of grey and white matter within the brain. Top: Several moderating and mediating extrinsic pressures can alter sleep behavior and physiology beyond intrinsic developmental forces, including school schedules, extra-curricular activities, and technology use. Bottom: Healthy development of sleep during adolescence underlies a variety of functional outcomes. Together this framework highlights sleep during adolescence as a “perfect storm” (Carskadon, 2011): a sensitive time-period where developmental changes, together with (mal)-adaptive environmental forces, may yield powerful consequences for behavior and cognition.