Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Variable | No migraine controls (N = 133) |
Episodic migraine groups | p value§ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–8 days (N = 224) |
9–14 days (N = 91) |
≥15 days (N = 57) |
|||
| Aura | - | 71 (31.7) | 23 (25.3) | 17 (29.8) | 0.526 |
| Female gender | 89 (66.9) | 150 (67.0) | 64 (70.3) | 39 (68.4) | 0.666 |
| Age (years) | 35.4 ± 12.6 | 33.1 ± 10.2 | 33.5 ± 10.3 | 32.7 ± 12.4 | 0.165 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 4.0 | 22.0 ± 3.4 | 22.5 ± 4.0 | 22.4 ± 4.0 | 0.319 |
| Education level (years) | 14.6 ± 2.5 | 14.6 ± 2.6 | 14.5 ± 2.5 | 14.2 ± 2.9 | 0.315 |
| Smoking status | 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 130 (97.7) | 171 (76.3) | 71 (78.0) | 46 (80.7) | |
| Current or Former | 3 (2.3) | 53 (23.7) | 20 (22.0) | 11 (19.3) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.098 | ||||
| Never | 106 (79.7) | 133 (59.4) | 62 (68.1) | 38 (66.7) | |
| Current or Former | 27 (20.3) | 91 (40.6) | 29 (31.9) | 19 (33.3) | |
| Coffee consumption | 0.005 | ||||
| Never | 53 (39.8) | 52 (23.2) | 24 (26.4) | 10 (17.5) | |
| Less than once a month | 39 (29.3) | 43 (19.2) | 23 (25.3) | 21 (36.8) | |
| At least 1 day a week | 41 (30.8) | 129 (57.6) | 44 (48.4) | 26 (45.6) | |
| MIDAS | - | 24.5 ± 19.3 | 37.6 ± 25.5 | 68.8 ± 58.1 | <0.001 |
| HADS–anxiety | 6.0 ± 3.6 | 7.7 ± 3.9 | 8.3 ± 4.1 | 8.9 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| HADS–depression | 4.6 ± 3.0 | 5.3 ± 3.9 | 6.6 ± 3.9 | 7.2 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| PSQI total score | 7.4 ± 3.0 | 8.4 ± 3.5 | 10.0 ± 3.5 | 9.8 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
§Linear trend Cochran–Armitage chi-square test for categorical variables; linear contrast of univariate linear regression for continuous variables