Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics (N= 101)∗
| Age, yrs | 59.7 ± 8.4 (40–76) |
| Male | 79 |
| Congestive heart failure | 6 |
| Hypertension | 34 |
| Age ≥75 yrs | 1 |
| Diabetes | 9 |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack/embolus | 10 |
| Vascular disease | 10 |
| Female | 22 |
| Age ≥65 yrs | 31 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | |
| 0 | 60 |
| 1 | 24 |
| ≥2 | 17 |
| Previous catheter ablation for AF | 20 |
| Type of AF | |
| Paroxysmal | 44 |
| Persistent | 56 |
| Longstanding persistent | 1 |
| AF duration, yrs | 6.0 (1–35) |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs and rate control agents | |
| Quinidine or disopyramide | 4 |
| Flecainide or propafenone | 33 |
| Amiodarone, dronedarone, or sotalol | 41 |
| Beta blockers | 53 |
| Verapamil or diltiazem | 17 |
| Digoxin | 15 |
| Anticoagulant agents (before PVI procedure) | |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 89 |
| Antiplatelets | 6 |
Values are mean ± SD (range), n, or mean (range).
PVI = pulmonary vein isolation.
∗
Left atrial appendages were collected from these patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).