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. 2016 Feb 27;387(10021):874–881. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01087-9

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© 2016 Liu et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Risk of ischaemic heart disease mortality and cancer mortality by happiness in women who rated their health as good or excellent at baseline

Includes 550 737 women (1253 ischaemic heart disease deaths, 12 943 cancer deaths). Excludes women with cancer, heart disease, stroke, or chronic obstructive airways disease at baseline, and women who rated their health as poor or fair at baseline. RRs are adjusted for age, region, area deprivation, body-mass index, qualifications, strenuous exercise, smoking, alcohol, living with a partner, parity, participation in group activities, and sleep duration. Women who reported being happy most of the time are the reference group (RR=1·0). RR=rate ratio. g-s CI=group-specific confidence interval.