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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jul 19;27(11):796–806. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.010

Figure 1. Increased AA delivery to muscle enhances AA sensing and activates protein synthesis.

Figure 1

We propose three main mechanisms that regulate AA sensing within muscle cells. 1) Vascular endothelial function is important for enhancing nutrient and hormone delivery to muscle tissue via vasodilation. 2) AA transport from the blood, across the endothelial cell, through the interstitial space, and eventually into muscle cells is dependent upon functional AA transporters. 3) AA sensing via activation of mTORC1 signaling and inhibition of ATF4 are important for fully activating muscle protein synthesis in response to AA sufficiency.