Table 2.

Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidants in women with GDM and without GDM (controls).

	GDM			Controls
	16–20 weeks	24–28 weeks	32–36 weeks	16–20 weeks	24–28 weeks	32–36 weeks
PCO (ng/mL)	172.77 ± 13.59∗	200.77 ± 19.23	232.48 ± 21.93∗	136.82 ± 10.05	169.09 ± 13.10	180.81 ± 11.57
AOPPs (μmol/L)	64.74 ± 1.39∗	74.92 ± 1.67△	83.59 ± 1.87△	59.98 ± 1.54	65.83 ± 1.57	72.86 ± 1.34
8-iso-PGF2α (ng/mL)	196.14 ± 16.78∗	356.96 ± 40.10	538.72 ± 67.36∗	154.82 ± 9.89	289.74 ± 22.68	381.07 ± 37.26
GPX-3 (μIU/mL)	160.42E3 ± 13.76E3∗	68.29E3 ± 8.50E3	35.65E3 ± 2.90E3#	83.71E3 ± 25.58E3	44.590E3 ± 3.49E3	26.46E3 ± 1.46E3
PON1 (mIU/mL)	162.88E3 ± 22.12E3∗	136.18E3 ± 20.98E3	97.00E3 ± 5.51E3	260.20E3 ± 28.89E3	165.77E3 ± 18.92E3	115.59E3 ± 25.73E3

Data are means ± SD.  ^# P < 0.01 versus controls.  ^∗ P < 0.05 versus controls.  ^△ P < 0.001 versus controls. There was no significance in PCO (P = 0.12), 8-iso-PGF2α (P = 0.09), GPX-3 (P = 0.23), and PON1 (P = 0.35) in 24–28 weeks compared to the control group. Meanwhile, in 32–36 weeks, no significance was found in PON1 (P = 0.56) compared to the controls.