Table 3.
Instruments and methodologies.
| Instrument | Items | Sample | Base criterion | Construct | Dimensions/factors | Reliability (α) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cellular Phone Dependence Questionnaire (CPDQ) (87) | 20 items, Likert scale (0–3) | University students | – | Dependence | 6 factors via AFE | 0.86 |
| Mobile Phone Dependence Questionnaire (MPDQ) (67) | 20 items, Likert scale (0–3) | University students | – | Problematic use, dependence | 1 factor | 0.86 |
| Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS) (2) | 27 items, Likert scale (0–10) | Adults | – | Problematic use | 0.93 | |
| Cell Phone Over-Use Scale (COS) (69) | 23 items, Likert scale (1–6) | Grade school students | – | Addiction | 0.87 | |
| Excessive use | ||||||
| SMS Problem Use Diagnostic Questionnaire (SMS-PUDQ) (88) | 8 items, Likert scale | Grade school students | Based on the criteria of Young (13) for Internet addiction | Excessive use | 2 factors via AFE | 0.84–0.87 |
| pathological use | ||||||
| SMS | ||||||
| Mobile Phone Usage Scale (MPUS) (34) | 33 items, Likert scale (1–5) | University students | Based on the criteria for use and addictive shopping (8) | Dependence | 6 use factors validated via AF | Factor analysis |
| Addiction | ||||||
| Habitual use | ||||||
| Mandatory use | From 0.53 to 0.88 | |||||
| Voluntary use | ||||||
| Compulsive use | ||||||
| Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) (57, 72) | 17 items, Likert scale (1–5) | Adults, adolescents | Based on criteria for pathological gambling | Addiction | 4 factors via AFE | 0.90 |
| Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ) (45) | 30 items, Likert scale (1–4), plus 1 dichotomous item | Adults | – | Prohibited use | 4 dimensions | Scales 0.65 < α < 0.85 |
| Dangerous use | ||||||
| Dependence | ||||||
| Economic problems | ||||||
| Excessive Cellular Phone Use Survey (ECPUS) (62). | 20 items | Adolescents | – | Excessive use | 0.87 | |
| Text-message Dependency Scale (TMDS) o Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS) (89) | 15 items, Likert scale (1–5) | Grade school students | – | Self-perception of dependence and addiction to SMS | 3 factors | |
| Questionnaire of Experiences related to the Cell (Cuestionario de Experiencias relacionadas con el móvil – CERM) (75) | 10 items, Likert scale (1–4) | Young and adolescent students. | Criteria for substance addiction and pathological gambling. | Abuse | 2 factors | 0.80 |
| Addiction | ||||||
| Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMP) (54, 61, 66) | 38 items, Likert scale | Adolescents | DSM-IV-TR criteria for Substance Abuse disorders | Addiction, dependence | 3 factors | Scales 0.85 < α < 0.91 |
| Cell-Phone Addiction Scale for Korean Adolescents (CPAS) (73) | 20 items, Likert scale | Adolescents | – | Addiction | 3 factors via AFE | 0.92 |
| Excessive use | ||||||
| Problem Cellular Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPU-Q) (90) | 12 items, dichotomous scale | Adolescents | DSM-IV-TR criteria for Substance Abuse disorders | Problematic use | Symptomatology of problematic use | 0.85 |
| Questionnaire to Detect New Addictions (Cuestionario de Detección de Nuevas Adicciones – DENA) (49) | 12 items, 8 with Likert scale (0–3) | Adolescents | DSM-IV-TR criteria for Substance Abuse disorders | Addiction, abuse | ||
| Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ) (91) | 8 items, Likert scale (1–7) | Adolescents and youths | Criteria for behavioral addiction from Brown (92) | Addiction | 1 dimension or factor | 0.78 |
| Substance abuse criteria | ||||||
| Mobile Addiction Test (MAT) (80) | 10 items, Likert scale (1–3) | Grade school students | Comparison with other behavioral addictions | Addiction | ||
| Problematic use | ||||||
| Mobile Phone Usage Behavior Scale (MPUB) (93) | 4 open questions | Students | – | Frequency of use/day | No. of calls made | 0.68 |
| No. of calls received | ||||||
| No. of messages read | ||||||
| No. of messages received | ||||||
| Cell-Phone Addiction Assessment Questionnaire (KBUTK) (26) | 33 items, Likert scale (1–5) | Grade school and university students | Pathological gambling criteria | Addiction | 4 factors of addiction | 0.91 |
| Test Messaging Gratification Scale (TMG) (94) | 47 items, Likert scale (1–7) | Grade school students | – | Gratification with SMS | 7 factors via AF | 0.86 |
| Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) (95) | 18 items, Likert scale (1–5) | University students | Standard addiction criteria from the literature | Facebook addiction | 1 factor via AF | 0.83 |
| Mobile Phone Addiction Scale (MPAS) (96) | 11 items, Likert scale (1–6) | Female university students | Based on the Internet addiction scaleby Young (97) | Addiction | 3 factors | 0.86 |
| Problematic Use of Mobile Phones (PUMP) Scale (98) | 20 items, Likert scale (1–5) | Adults (18–75 years) | DSM-IV-TR criteria for Substance Abuse disorders | Problematic use | 1 factor | 0.94 |
| Addiction | ||||||
| Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) (60) | 48 items, Likert scale (1–6) | Adults (18–53 years) | DSM-IV-TR criteria for Substance Abuse disorders | Smartphone | 6 factors via AFE | 0.97 |
| Addiction | ||||||
| Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (MP-UQ) (99) | 29 items | Patients with anxiety and agoraphobia | DSM-IV-TR criteria. | Nomophobia | ||
| Manolis/Roberts Cell-Phone Addiction Scale (MRCPAS) (27) | 4 items | Grade school students | DSM-IV-TR criteria for Substance Abuse disorders | Craving | 1 factor | >0.70 |
| Addiction | ||||||
| Mobile Phone Activities and Addiction of Parents (MPAA) (100) | 21 items | Parents of students | – | Applications, use of cell-phone contents, and addiction among parents | 7 factors of activities and addiction | 0.91 |
| Mobile Internet Usage Index (MIUI) (85) | 19 items, dichotomous response | University students (USA and Korea) | Adaptation of the IAT (Internet Addiction Test) (101) | Cell Internet dependence | ||
| Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) (102) | 26 items, Likert scale (1–4) | University students | Adaptation of the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) (103) | Smartphone addiction | 4 factors via AF | 0.94 |
| Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire (SPAQ) (104) | 5 open questions | University students | Adaptation of the SAS (60) | Frequency of use/day | Frequency of use | 0.76 |
| 34 items | Addiction | Addiction to activities and applications | ||||
| Symptoms of addiction | ||||||
| Smartphone Addiction Measurement Instrument (SAMI) (3) | 15 items, Likert scale (1–5) | University students | Addiction |