Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for aortic and mitral valve disease and no-valvular-disease cohorts
| Variable names | No valvular disease | Aortic valve disease
|
Mitral valve disease
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptomatic | Asymptomatic | Symptomatic | Asymptomatic | ||
|
| |||||
| n=259,491 | n=53 | n=95 | n=315 | n=736 | |
| Direct health-care expenditure | |||||
| Any insurer expenditure | 84% | 100% | 100% | 99% | 96% |
| Any out-of-pocket expenditure | 88% | 100% | 97% | 99% | 99% |
| Insurer expenditure, if any | $5,302 | $27,128 | $13,357 | $11,875 | $5,694 |
| Out-of-pocket expenditure, if any | $1,033 | $3,018 | $2,708 | $2,180 | $1,493 |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years, mean | 47.1 | 67.4 | 60.7 | 57.3 | 52.2 |
| 18–24 | 11% | 0 | 7% | 3% | 4% |
| 25–34 | 17% | 2% | 4% | 4% | 9% |
| 35–44 | 19% | 0 | 4% | 11% | 21% |
| 45–54 | 19% | 17% | 17% | 26% | 25% |
| 55–64 | 15% | 19% | 19% | 19% | 18% |
| 65–74 | 10% | 19% | 23% | 23% | 15% |
| 75+ | 9% | 43% | 25% | 14% | 9% |
| Sex, female | 57% | 55% | 39% | 83% | 81% |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Caucasian | 60% | 91% | 84% | 89% | 86% |
| Hispanic | 20% | 2% | 7% | 5% | 5% |
| African-American | 15% | 8% | 7% | 5% | 7% |
| Asian | 4% | 0 | 1% | 0% | 1% |
| Other | 1% | 0 | 0 | 1% | 1% |
| Marital status, married | 51% | 55% | 63% | 55% | 58% |
| Education | |||||
| No high school | 28% | 36% | 20% | 18% | 12% |
| High school degree | 44% | 36% | 41% | 41% | 44% |
| Some college | 14% | 13% | 24% | 15% | 21% |
| College or advanced | 14% | 15% | 15% | 26% | 22% |
| Income/employment status | |||||
| Family income <100% FPL | 16% | 23% | 12% | 12% | 9% |
| Family income 100%–199% FPL | 21% | 25% | 20% | 13% | 12% |
| Family income ≥200% FPL | 64% | 53% | 68% | 75% | 79% |
| Health insurance* | |||||
| Uninsured | 14% | 2% | 3% | 3% | 5% |
| Medicaid | 13% | 11% | 11% | 10% | 4% |
| Medicare | 11% | 25% | 16% | 16% | 9% |
| Other public health insurance | 1% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1% |
| Private non-HMO insurance | 39% | 60% | 53% | 55% | 55% |
| Private HMO insurance | 26% | 8% | 21% | 20% | 28% |
| Health status | |||||
| Physical health: fair or poor | 18% | 49% | 15% | 34% | 16% |
| Physical health: good | 29% | 15% | 31% | 27% | 30% |
| Physical health: very good or excellent | 53% | 36% | 55% | 39% | 55% |
| Mental health: fair or poor | 8% | 25% | 2% | 14% | 7% |
| Mental health: good | 26% | 32% | 28% | 28% | 24% |
| Mental health: very good or excellent | 66% | 43% | 69% | 58% | 70% |
| Access to usual source of health care | 81% | 96% | 94% | 94% | 92% |
| Interviewed in English | 89% | 98% | 97% | 99% | 99% |
| Location, urban | 81% | 83% | 78% | 76% | 81% |
| US census regions | |||||
| Northeast | 16% | 26% | 17% | 18% | 21% |
| Midwest | 22% | 23% | 24% | 22% | 24% |
| South | 38% | 38% | 37% | 43% | 39% |
| West | 25% | 13% | 22% | 17% | 17% |
| Year | |||||
| 2011 | 7% | 8% | 7% | 7% | 5% |
| 2010 | 7% | 11% | 4% | 7% | 6% |
| 2009 | 7% | 8% | 7% | 8% | 7% |
| 2008 | 7% | 0 | 5% | 8% | 6% |
| 2007 | 6% | 6% | 5% | 5% | 6% |
| 2006 | 7% | 6% | 3% | 7% | 6% |
| 2005 | 7% | 13% | 7% | 9% | 6% |
| 2004 | 7% | 11% | 15% | 8% | 7% |
| 2003 | 7% | 9% | 8% | 9% | 7% |
| 2002 | 8% | 6% | 14% | 9% | 8% |
| 2001 | 7% | 6% | 8% | 4% | 8% |
| 2000 | 5% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 4% |
| 1999 | 5% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 6% |
| 1998 | 5% | 6% | 4% | 5% | 7% |
| 1997 | 3% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 4% |
| 1996 | 5% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 6% |
| Comorbid medical condition (%) | |||||
| Malignant neoplasms | |||||
| Skin cancer | 2% | 8% | 8% | 8% | 3% |
| Colon cancer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1% | 0 |
| Lung cancer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1% | 0 |
| Bladder cancer | 0 | 2% | 0 | 1% | 0 |
| Rectal cancer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Diseases of the digestive system | |||||
| GERD | 6% | 21% | 6% | 19% | 11% |
| Gastritis | 1% | 0 | 2% | 2% | 1% |
| Gastric ulcer | 1% | 2% | 0 | 3% | 1% |
| Diverticulitis | 1% | 0 | 2% | 3% | 2% |
| Diseases of the genitourinary system | |||||
| Kidney stones | 1% | 4% | 0 | 2% | 1% |
| Cystitis | 2% | 4% | 0 | 5% | 4% |
| Mental disorders | |||||
| Depressive disorders | 10% | 25% | 7% | 24% | 13% |
| Neurotic disorders | 6% | 21% | 8% | 27% | 13% |
| Diseases of the circulatory system | |||||
| Coronary artery disease | 2% | 11% | 8% | 11% | 3% |
| Congestive heart failure | 1% | 11% | 1% | 4% | 1% |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1% | 11% | 5% | 5% | 2% |
| Stroke | 0 | 0 | 1% | 1% | 0 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 2% | 23% | 6% | 16% | 7% |
| Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | |||||
| Osteoarthritis | 1% | 2% | 1% | 3% | 1% |
| Low-back pain | 9% | 23% | 6% | 15% | 11% |
| Osteoporosis | 3% | 11% | 3% | 16% | 7% |
| Diseases of the nervous system | |||||
| Parkinson’s disease | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1% | 1% |
| Multiple sclerosis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1% | 0 |
| Migraine headache | 3% | 0 | 0 | 13% | 5% |
| Diseases of the respiratory system | |||||
| Bronchitis | 1% | 8% | 0 | 5% | 1% |
| Emphysema | 1% | 6% | 4% | 2% | 0% |
| Asthma | 6% | 17% | 3% | 13% | 9% |
| Metabolic diseases | |||||
| Diabetes | 10% | 11% | 4% | 16% | 6% |
| High cholesterol | 16% | 47% | 37% | 36% | 21% |
| Hypothyroidism | 3% | 8% | 3% | 10% | 9% |
Note:
*
Possible to have more than one insurance type. Descriptive statistics for all explanatory variables are in proportions.
Abbreviations: FPL, Federal Poverty Level; HMO, health maintenance organization; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.