Table 4.
Ordinary least squares estimates of total health-care insurer cost and total out-of-pocket costs
| Explanatory variables | Total out of pocket, if any
|
Total insurer cost, if any
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | P-value | Coefficient | P-value | |
| Type of valvular disease | ||||
| No valve disease | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Aortic valve disease, symptomatic | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0 |
| Aortic valve disease, asymptomatic | 0.44 | 0 | 0.88 | 0 |
| Mitral valve disease, symptomatic | 0.30 | 0 | 0.51 | 0 |
| Mitral valve disease, asymptomatic | 0.27 | 0 | 0.17 | 0 |
| Medical conditions | ||||
| Malignant neoplasms | ||||
| Skin cancer | 0.19 | 0 | 0.41 | 0 |
| Colon cancer | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 0 |
| Lung cancer | 0.26 | 0 | 1.23 | 0 |
| Bladder cancer | 0.29 | 0 | 0.63 | 0 |
| Rectal cancer | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.97 | 0 |
| Diseases of the digestive system | ||||
| GERD | 0.31 | 0 | 0.54 | 0 |
| Gastritis | 0.29 | 0 | 0.45 | 0 |
| Gastric ulcer | 0.27 | 0 | 0.49 | 0 |
| Diverticulitis | 0.17 | 0 | 0.53 | 0 |
| Diseases of the genitourinary system | ||||
| Kidney stones | 0.27 | 0 | 0.79 | 0 |
| Cystitis | 0.21 | 0 | 0.24 | 0 |
| Mental disorders | ||||
| Depressive disorders | 0.37 | 0 | 0.39 | 0 |
| Neurotic disorders | 0.33 | 0 | 0.32 | 0 |
| Diseases of the circulatory system | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0 |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.29 | 0 | 0.67 | 0 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 0.24 | 0 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Stroke | 0.27 | 0 | 0.65 | 0 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 0.29 | 0 | 0.52 | 0 |
| Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 0.2 | 0 | 0.31 | 0 |
| Low-back pain | 0.2 | 0 | 0.23 | 0 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.29 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Diseases of the nervous system | ||||
| Parkinson’s disease | 0.47 | 0 | 0.52 | 0 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 0.74 | 0 | 1.04 | 0 |
| Migraine headache | 0.29 | 0 | 0.26 | 0 |
| Diseases of the respiratory system | ||||
| Bronchitis | −0.08 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
| Emphysema | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0 |
| Asthma | 0.3 | 0 | 0.31 | 0 |
| Metabolic diseases | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.47 | 0 | 0.45 | 0 |
| High cholesterol | 0.33 | 0 | 0.33 | 0 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.26 | 0 | 0.12 | 0 |
| Health status | ||||
| Physical health: fair or poor | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Physical health: good | −0.22 | 0 | −0.42 | 0 |
| Physical health: very good or excellent | −0.39 | 0 | −0.7 | 0 |
| Mental health: fair or poor | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Mental health: good | −0.07 | 0 | −0.09 | 0 |
| Mental health: very good or excellent | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.05 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Hispanic | −0.27 | 0 | −0.14 | 0 |
| African-American | −0.42 | 0 | −0.08 | 0 |
| Asian | −0.4 | 0 | −0.32 | 0 |
| Other | −0.27 | 0 | 0.15 | 0 |
| Age, years | ||||
| 18–24 | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| 25–34 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.12 | 0 |
| 35–44 | 0.15 | 0 | 0.13 | 0 |
| 45–54 | 0.42 | 0 | 0.29 | 0 |
| 55–64 | 0.66 | 0 | 0.48 | 0 |
| 65–74 | 0.69 | 0 | 0.55 | 0 |
| 75+ | 0.78 | 0 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Sex, female | 0.3 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 |
| Marital status, married | –0.07 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 |
| Education | ||||
| No high school | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| High school | 0.14 | 0 | 0.09 | 0 |
| Some college | 0.36 | 0 | 0.19 | 0 |
| College or advanced | 0.33 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 |
| Income/employment status | ||||
| Family income <100% FPL | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Family income 100%–199% FPL | −0.23 | 0 | −0.05 | 0 |
| Family income ≥200% FPL | −0.13 | 0 | −0.08 | 0 |
| Unemployed | 0.13 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 |
| Access to usual source of health care | 0.18 | 0 | 0.31 | 0 |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Private non-HMO insurance | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Uninsured | 0.39 | 0 | −0.78 | 0 |
| Medicaid | −1.06 | 0 | 0.38 | 0 |
| Medicare | 0.21 | 0 | −0.12 | 0 |
| Other public health insurance | 0.34 | 0 | −0.14 | 0 |
| Private HMO insurance | 0.21 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Interviewed in English | 0.16 | 0 | 0.23 | 0 |
| Location, urban | 0 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0 |
| US census regions | ||||
| Northeast | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Midwest | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0.98 |
| South | 0.17 | 0 | −0.11 | 0 |
| West | 0.06 | 0 | −0.06 | 0 |
| Year | ||||
| 1996 | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| 2011 | −0.45 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| 2010 | −0.43 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| 2009 | −0.37 | 0 | 0.11 | 0 |
| 2008 | −0.28 | 0 | 0.09 | 0 |
| 2007 | −0.2 | 0 | 0.16 | 0 |
| 2006 | −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0 |
| 2005 | −0.02 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0 |
| 2004 | 0 | 0.84 | 0.18 | 0 |
| 2003 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0 |
| 2002 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.15 | 0 |
| 2001 | 0 | 0.96 | 0.16 | 0 |
| 2000 | −0.1 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
| 1999 | −0.12 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| 1998 | −0.1 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.41 |
| 1997 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.39 |
| Intercept term | 5.13 | 0 | 6.2 | 0 |
Abbreviations: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; FPL, Federal Poverty Level; HMO, health maintenance organization.