Table 1. Status of Selected Clinical Development Programs of Novel Therapeutic Approaches in IBD.

	Cytokines/growth factors	Adhesion molecules/chemokines	T cells	Others
Approved (in US)	Anti-TNF mAb (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol)	Antkα4 integrin mAb (natalizumab)
In clinical development	Anti-IL-12/23 mAb Anti-IL-23 mAb Anti-IL-17 IL-6 inhibitors Other TNF inhibitors	Antkα4β7 mAb Anti-β7 mAb Anti-MADCAM mAb CCR9 antagonist		Stem cells Autologous bone marrow transplant Janus kinase inhibitors Helminth ova Probiotics Antibiotics
No longer in clinical development (failed)	IL-10 IL-11 Soluble TNF receptors IL-1 receptor antagonist Anti-interferon-γ mAb GM-CSF Keratinocyte growth factor Oral IL-12 inhibitor		CTLA4 Ig Anti-CD3 mAb Anti-CD25 mAb	MAP kinase inhibitors

mAb, monoclonal antibody.

NOTE. This list is not comprehensive but highlights several of the targets and approaches discussed in this article. As for some targets (eg, new TNF inhibitors, IL-6 antagonists, Janus kinase inhibitors), several compounds are currently in development, and approaches are categorized by target rather than specific compound nomenclature (with the exception of FDA-approved compounds). Compounds listed as “no longer in clinical development” were categorized based on negative phase 2 or 3 clinical trial results that have been reported in the public domain and the absence of active enrolling studies listed on www.clinicaltrials.gov. This categorization also may not account for clinical trials being conducted exclusively outside of the United States. Moreover, as discussed in the article, there can be many reasons why compounds are no longer in clinical development, and inclusion on this list does not necessarily imply that these targets are irrelevant for future development in IBD. Finally, because this is a rapidly moving field, this Table will be subject to constant revision as clinical trial results are released. The reader is referred to www.clinicaltrials.gov for further information on the status of ongoing clinical trial programs.