Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Order	Inclusion criterion
1	RCTs of nsLBP
	Exclusion criteria
1	Non-English language reports
2	Studies that were not RCTs or presented insufficient information for us to determine whether randomisation was used to allocate participants
3	Reports that self-identified as pilot/feasibility studies
4	Cross-over designs (because of limited utility in the LBP field)
5	RCTs with mixed samples (e.g. neck or thoracic pain in addition to LBP), samples of participants with radiating leg pain, or referred pain extending past the knee, or samples including LBP specific pathology (e.g cancer, ankylosing spondylitis, or disc herniation) or pregnancy
6	Non-inferiority trials (because of limited utility in the LBP field)
7	Follow-up studies with no new outcome measures, and multiple publications. In the case of multiple publications, we included the first published article and excluded subsequent publications

RCT = Randomised controlled trial; nsLBP = non-specific low back pain; LBP = low back pain.