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. 2016 Oct 19;11:5443–5455. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S113706

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© 2016 Niemirowicz et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Proposed mechanism of action involving combination of core–shell MNPs with antibacterial agents.

Notes: Core–shell MNPs might interact with compounds of bacteria cell wall and enhance membrane-active agents (VAN, COL, CAPs) insertion and/or uptake. After internalization, MNPs exert oxidative stress causing organelle damage. (A) Potential mechanism of action. Atomic force microscopy topography of untreated (B), treated with 10 μg/mL CSA-13 (C) or 10 μg/mL CSA-13 + MNP@NH₂ (D) Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Xen 30. Membrane destruction and leakage of the intracellular contents were more pronounced when combined treatment was administrated.

Abbreviations: MNP, magnetic nanoparticle; VAN, vancomycin; COL, colistin; CAPs, cationic antimicrobial peptides; CSA, cationic steroid antibiotic; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.