Table 4.
Univariate Multinomial Regression Models for Each Baseline Characteristic
| Baseline Characteristic | Persistent / Recurrent Major vs. No Depression | Persistent / Recurrent Major vs. Minor Depression | Persistent / Recurrent Major vs. Single Episode Major Depression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age (per 1 unit increase) | 0.89 (0.81, 1.00) | .04 | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.11) | .44 |
| Black vs. White | 1.67 (0.94, 2.94) | .08 | 1.01 (0.45, 2.27) | .98 | 2.08 (0.77, 5.56) | .15 |
| Married vs. Not | 0.45 (0.25, 0.79) | .006 | 0.85 (0.38, 1.89) | .68 | 0.50 (0.19, 1.30) | 16 |
| Paying for basics, not very vs. very / some hard | 0.51 (0.29, 0.90) | .02 | 0.57 (0.24, 1.35) | .21 | 0.47 (0.17, 1.28) | .14 |
| Education, some college+ vs. high school or less | 1.52 (0.80, 2.86) | .20 | 1.01 (0.38, 2.70) | .98 | 1.16 (0.41, 3.33) | .78 |
| Overall Health, good / fair / poor vs. excellent / very good | 2.04 (1.16, 3.57) | .01 | 1.45 (0.64, 3.33) | .38 | 1.59 (0.63, 4.00) | .33 |
| Menopausal Status, premenopausal vs. perimenopausal | 0.88 (0.52, 1.49) | .65 | 0.82 (0.37, 1.79) | .62 | 0.93 (0.39, 2.27) | .88 |
| Low role physical | 2.70 (1.54, 4.76) | .001 | 2.86 (1.14, 7.14) | .03 | 1.69 (0.68, 4.35) | .26 |
| High bodily pain | 2.94 (1.61, 5.56) | <.001 | 2.38 (0.94, 5.88) | .07 | 1.41 (0.56, 3.57) | .46 |
| Low social function | 4.17 (2.13, 8.33) | <.001 | 1.23 (0.52, 2.86) | .64 | 1.41 (0.53, 3.70) | .49 |
| Low role emotional | 5.00 (2.50, 10.00) | <.001 | 2.23 (1.15, 9.04) | .03 | 1.54 (0.59, 4.00) | .37 |
| CES-D (per 1 unit increase) | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15) | <.001 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) | .002 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.10) | .10 |
| BMI Category | ||||||
| Overweight vs. normal / underweight | 1.45 (0.76, 2.78) | .26 | 1.47 (0.55, 4.00) | .45 | 1.85 (0.66, 5.26) | .25 |
| Obese vs. normal / underweight | 1.37 (0.72, 2.63) | .33 | 1.18 (0.46, 3.03) | .74 | 2.17 (0.75, 6.25) | .15 |
| Physical activity | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) | .049 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) | .70 | 0.92 (0.71, 1.19) | .54 |
| Sleep problems | 2.56 (1.47, 4.55) | .001 | 2.86 (1.19, 7.14) | .02 | 6.67 (1.92, 25.00) | .003 |
| Very upsetting life events | ||||||
| Two or more vs. none - one | 4.00 (2.27, 7.14) | <.001 | 4.00 (1.61, 10.00) | .003 | 5.88 (1.89, 20.00) | .002 |
| Lifetime medical conditions a | ||||||
| Two or more vs. none - one | 3.23 (1.89, 5.56) | <.001 | 1.79 (0.81, 3.85) | .15 | 2.22 (0.91, 5.26) | .08 |
| Lifetime treatment for emotional problems | 4.00 (2.33, 7.14) | <.001 | 1.89 (0.85, 4.17) | .12 | 1.72 (0.72, 4.00) | .23 |
| Lifetime major / minor depression | 6.67 (3.70, 12.50) | <.001 | 4.17 (1.85, 10.00) | .001 | 5.26 (2.30, 14.29) | <.001 |
| Lifetime anxiety disorder b | 3.70 (1.85, 7.14) | <.001 | 1.08 (0.47, 2.50) | .87 | 1.72 (0.63, 4.76) | .29 |
| Lifetime substance use disorder, n (%) | 2.13 (0.99, 4.57) | .05 | 1.38 (0.47, 4.07) | .56 | 1.32 (0.40, 4.32) | .65 |
| Any child / adolescent abuse and / or neglect | 3.57 (2.04, 6.25) | <.001 | 1.89 (0.85, 4.17) | .12 | 1.20 (0.51, 2.86) | .68 |
| Family history depression | 4.00 (2.22, 7.14) | <.001 | 3.33 (1.43, 7.69) | .006 | 1.69 (0.71, 4.00) | .23 |
Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; p, p-value.
a
Medical conditions included anemia, diabetes, high blood pressure / hypertension, arthritis / osteoarthritis, thyroid disease, heart attack, angina, fibroids, cancer (other than skin cancer), migraines, hypercholesterolemia, and osteoporosis.
b
Lifetime history of anxiety disorder included panic, agoraphobia without panic, social phobia, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified.