Elevated glutamate in the striatum using 1H MRS. 1H MRS from striatum of control (blue) and MPTP treated (red) mice showing elevated level of glutamate (Control 12.6 ± 1.7 mM MPTP 14.8 ± 2.6 mM; p=0.0013), GABA (Control 2.9 ± 0.6 mM vs MPTP 3.5 ± 0.8 mM; p = 0.017), and Gln (Control 5.5 ± 1.4 mM vs MPTP 7.0 ± 2.9 mM; p = 0.022) following exposure to MPTP. Concentration (mM) of metabolites in striatum following MPTP treatment using LCModel. Glu Glutamate, Gln Glutamine, GABA γ–aminobutyric acid, Cr+PCr total creatine, NAA N-Acetylaspartate, Ins m-Inositol, Tau Taurine.