Table 2.
Studies included in meta-analysis.
| Study | Sample | Familism measure | Mental health outcome | Instrument used | Statistics for analysis | Cohen's d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baham, 2009 | 119 Mexican-American Adolescents, Age range: 15–17 years | MACVS | Substance abuse | YRBS | Correlation coefficients | 0.1202 |
| Internalizing | RCMAS and CDI | 0.1605 | ||||
| Externalizing | BPI | 0.1403 | ||||
| Baumann et al., 2010 | 169 Latina adolescents, Mean age: 15.19 years Women only, 73% born in the U.S. | AFS | Suicide | YSR | M and SD | 0.2453 |
| Internalizing | YSR | Correlation coefficients | 0.7903 | |||
| Externalizing | YSR | 0.1909 | ||||
| Burrow-Sanchez et al., 2014 | 106 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 15.30 years, Male: 91.5% | AFS | Depression | BDI-II | Correlation coefficient | 0.6198 |
| Born in the U.S.: 63.2% | ||||||
| Campos et al., 2014 | 173 Latino, Mean age: 19.93 years, Born in the U.S.: 80% | AFS | Depression | CES-D | Means and standard deviationsa | 0.1202 Obligational |
| 0.0801 Supportive | ||||||
| 0.0600 Reference | ||||||
| Cavanaugh, 2015 | 133 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 12.88 years, Female: 51% | MACVS | Internalizing | YSR | Correlation coefficients for both variables with each form of familism | 0.2213 Obligational |
| 0.2828 Supportive | ||||||
| 0.2828 Reference | ||||||
| Externalizing | 0.4727 Obligational | |||||
| 0.4082 Supportive | ||||||
| 0.3242 Reference | ||||||
| Chavez-Korell et al., 2014 | 98 Latino older adults, Mean age: 71.04 years, Female: 66% | PHFS | Depression | PHQ-9 | Correlation coefficient | 0.4945 |
| Cupito et al., 2015 | 179 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 14 years, Female: 52% | AFS | Depression | MFQ | Correlation coefficients for males and females, separately | 0.6060 Females |
| 0.4727 Males | ||||||
| De Santis et al., 2012 | 46 Hispanic male with HIV infection, Mean age: 44.2 years, Male only | AFS | Depression | CES-D | Correlation coefficient | 0.2173 |
| Diaz, 2011 | 194 Mexican-American adolescents, Mean age: 12.88 years, Female: 52.6% | MACVS | Internalizing | RCMAS and CDI | Correlation coefficients | 0.4511 |
| Externalizing | BPI | 0.020 | ||||
| Substance abuse | YRBS | 0.2213 | ||||
| Fallah, 2014 | 170 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 14.06 years, Female: 55%, Born outside the U.S.: 67% | AFS | Depression | MFQ | Correlation coefficient | 0.4727 |
| Garza and Pettit, 2010 | 61 Mexican or Mexican-American, Mean age: 34.55 years, Women only, All born outside the U.S. | AFS | Depression | BDI-II | Correlation coefficients | 0.3450 |
| Suicide | INQ | 0.0400 | ||||
| Germán et al., 2008 | 598 Mexican-origin adolescents, Born in the U.S.: 79.1% | MACVS | Externalizing | CBCL TRF | Correlation coefficients | 0.1001 (Mother report) |
| 0.0200 (Father report) | ||||||
| 0.1403 (Teacher 1 report) | ||||||
| 0.2213 (Teacher 2 report) | ||||||
| Howarter, 2014 | 1386 Latino adolescents from project RED, Age range: 12–16 years, Female: 53.5% | Four-item scale | Depression | CES-D | Correlation coefficients | 0.1807 Females |
| Substance abuse | YRBS | for women and men separately, of depression, smoking and alcohol | ||||
| 0.3871 Males | ||||||
| 0.1605 Smoking females | ||||||
| 0.1403 Smoking males | ||||||
| 0.1001 Alcohol females | ||||||
| 0.1403 Alcohol males | ||||||
| Keeler et al., 2014 | 84 Mexican-American, Mean age: 30 years, Female: 48%, Born in the U.S.: 36% | Six-item scale | Depression | BDI-II | Correlation coefficients | 0.7473 |
| Kissinger et al., 2013 | 91 Latino migrant workers, Male only | AFS | Substance abuse | NSDUH tool, AUDIT | M and SD for each group | 0.4145 NSDUH |
| 0.1440 AUDIT | ||||||
| Kuhlberg et al., 2010 | 226 Latina adolescents, Mean age: 15.47 years, Women only | AFS | Suicide | Suicide Attempt | Mean and standard deviation Correlation coefficient | 0.2168 |
| Internalizing | YSR | 0.1403 | ||||
| Kuo et al., 2015 | 246 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 17.72 years, Female: 51% | MACVS | Depression | CED-S | Correlation coefficients for time 1 | 0.0801 (Mothers) |
| 0.1001 (Fathers) | ||||||
| Lac et al., 2011 | 1369 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 13.99 years, Female: 54.3% | Four-item scale | Substance abuse | One-item scale on marijuana use | Correlation for time 1 only | 0.1605 |
| Lin, 2007 | 596 Mexican-American adolescents, Mean age: 12.31 years, Female: 51% | MACVS | Substance abuse | YRBS | Correlation coefficient | 1.2904 |
| Losada et al., 2006 | 48 Adult caregivers, Mean age: 58.0 years, Female: 79.2%, Born in US: 54% | AFS | Depression | CES-D | Correlation coefficient | 0.3871 |
| Muñoz-Laboy et al., 2014 | 259 Formerly incarcerated Latino Men | AFS | Depression | BSI | Odds ratio | 0.0168 |
| Ocegueda, 2009 | 95 Mexican-American adolescents, Age range: 18–19 years, Female: 63.2% | Seven-item scale | Externalizing | Self-Report Delinquency Scale | Correlation | 1.0276 |
| Ornelas and Perreira, 2011 | 281 First-generation Latino youth parents, Mean age: 40 years, Female: 84% | Seven-item scale | Depression | PHQ-9 | Odds ratio of familism and each depression measurement | 0.0342 |
| CES-D | 0.1096 | |||||
| Peña et al., 2011 | 216 Adolescent Latinas reporting (suicide attempt vs. no suicide attempt), Mean age: 15.5 years, Women only | AFS | Suicide | Suicidal attempt | Mean and standard deviations of familism for each group (attempters vs. non-attempters) | 0.1219 |
| Reid-Quiñones, 2011 | 222 Latino emerging adults, Age range: 18–25 years, 61.7% Female, 72.5% born in the U.S. | MACVS | Substance abuse | CADS | Odds ratio for cigarette, marijuana and alcohol consumption | 0.000 Cigarette |
| DAST-20 | 0.0217 Alcohol | |||||
| 0.0109 Marijuana | ||||||
| Roosa et al., 2011 | 750 Mexican-origin adolescents, Mean age: 10.4 years, Female: 48.7% | MACVS | Externalizing | DISC | Correlation coefficient | 0.1403 |
| Soto et al., 2011 | 1616 Hispanic students, Age range: 13–15 years, Female: 54%, 88% born in the U.S. | Five-item scale | Substance abuse | YRBS | Odds ratio for marijuana, alcohol and cigarette use | 0.0476 Cigarette |
| 0.0527 Alcohol | ||||||
| 0.0724 Marijuana | ||||||
| Smokowski and Bacallao, 2007 | 323 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 15 years, Female: 51%, 97% born outside the U.S. | Six-item scale | Internalizing | YSR | Correlation coefficient | 0.7791 |
| Smokowski et al., 2007 | 100 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 15 years, Female: 54%, All born outside the U.S. | Seven-item scale | Internalizing Externalizing | YSR | Correlation coefficient | 0.6190 0.3367 |
| Smokowski et al., 2009 | 288, Latinos adolescents, Mean age: 15 years, Female: 54.5%, 67% born outside the U.S. | Seven-item scale | Internalizing | YSR | Correlation coefficient | 0.6755 |
| Smokowski et al., 2010 | 349 Latinos adolescents, Mean age, not reported, 66% born outside the U.S. | Seven-item scale | Internalizing | CBCL, YSR | Correlation coefficient | 0.5833 |
| Stein et al., 2015 | 173 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 14.08 years, Female: 53.8%, Mexican origin: 78% | AFS | Depression | MFQ | Correlation coefficient | 0.4082 |
| Telzer, 2012 | 385 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 15.01 years, Female: 51% | Twelve-item scale | Substance abuse | YRBS | Correlation coefficients | 0.3660 |
| Umaña-Taylor et al., 2011 | 207 Mexican-origin adolescents mothers, Mean age: 16.23 years, 64.6% born in the U.S. | MACVS | Depression | CES-D | Correlation between familism and depression | 0.1605 |
| Vargas et al., 2013 | 750 Mexican-American, Age range: 10–12 years, Female: 49%, 70% born in the U.S. | MACVS | Internalizing | DISC-IV | Correlation coefficients | 0.0200 |
| Externalizing | 0.0400 | |||||
| Venegas et al., 2012 | 160 Hispanics, Mean age: 19.9 years, Female: 50% | AFS | Substance abuse | DDQ | Mean and standard deviations | 0.0446 |
| Zapata et al., 2016 | 102 Latino adolescents, Mean age: 13.8 years, Male: 52.9%, Born in the U.S.: 51% | Seven-item scale | Substance abuse | Use of alcohol, cigarette and marijuana in the last 30 days | Correlation coefficients | 0.5608 Cigarette |
| 0.3450 Alcohol | ||||||
| 0.5833 Marijuana | ||||||
| Zayas et al., 2009 | 140 Latinas adolescents, Mean age: 15.21 years, Women only, 72.14% born in the U.S. | AFS | Suicide | Suicidal attempt | Means and standard deviations | 0.3106 |
| Zeiders et al., 2013 | 492 Latino adolescents, Age range: 13–23 years, Born in the US: 58% | MACVS | Depression | CES-D | Regression coefficients for each type of familism subscale | 0.1106 Obligational |
| 0.1711 Supportive | ||||||
| 0.1675 Reference |
AFS, Attitudinal Familism Scale; MACVS, Mexican-American Cultural Values Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; YSR, Youth Self-Report; CBCL, Child Behavior Check List; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; INQ, Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire; DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; YRBS, Youth Risk Behavior Survey; RCMAS, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale; CDI, Children Depression Inventory; DDQ, Daily Drinking Questionnaire; BPI, Behavior Problems Index; NSDUSH tool, National Survey on Drug Use and Health tool; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; CADS, Core Alcohol and Drug Survey; DAST-20, Drug Use Screening Test-20; TRF, Teacher Report Form; MFQ, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; BSI, Brief Symptoms Inventory for Depression.
a
With the provided data from the SEM we simulated data a 1000 times and estimated the correlations between the variables of interest. We used the mean and 95% CI correlations for the simulations.